“Introduction to

Prosthodontics and
terminologies”
Dr Muhammad Sohaib Nawaz
BDS FCPS
Assistant Professor Prosthodontics
“Prosthodontics”
History
What do you think the future would
be……?
 Removable Partial Denture
An intraoral Prosthesis that that replaces some
or few missing teeth with associated missing
tissues/ structures and can be removed at the
patient’s will
 Objectives of a prosthesis
• Replace missing intra oral structures including teeth
• Maintaince of whatever remains
• Esthetics
• Mastication
• Phonetics OTHERS
• the elimination of oral disease to the
• Facial profile
greatest and shape
extent possible
• • the preservation
Psychological of theof
satisfaction health and
patient
relationships of the teeth and the health of
• othersoral and paraoral structures
• the restoration of oral functions
 Sequence of tooth loss
Maxilla Mandible

• Central Incisors • Central Incisors

• Lateral incisors • Lateral incisors
• Canines • Canines
• 1st premolars • 1st premolars
• 2nd premolars • 2nd premolars
• 1st molars • 1st molars
• 2nd molars • 2nd molars
 Consequences of tooth loss
• Reduction in bite force • Interproximal caries
• Chewing side preferences • Periodontal problems
• Tilting of teeth aggrevated
• Opening of proximal • Gingival rescession and
contacts bone loss
• Overeruption of opposing • Premature contact
teeth • Occlusal plane deranged
• Food packing due to open • Temporomandibular joint
contacts and disc issues
 Consequences of tooth loss
• Tooth loss consequences
• Tooth loss and its effects on TMJ
Functional Rehabilitation of Oral Cavity

• Swallowing
• Mastication
• Food reduction
ction
An index of food redu • Preservation
atory
is described as mastic
effi c ie n c y, o r the a bil it y to • Esthetics
e fo o d to a ce r ta in size
red u c
. • Phonetics
in a given time frame
• Psychological
• Emotional
 Prosthesis V/s Appliance
Prosthesis
The artificial replacement may
be internal or external of a
body part is known as
Prosthesis.
For example
Partial dentures, complete
dentures, eye prosthesis, ear
prosthesis, leg prosthesis etc
Appliance
Appliance is any device which
may be used internally or
externally for any
application/function but is not
replacing a body part.
For example
Fixed braces, removable
retainers, TMJ splints etc
NOW GUESS
Support
Stability
Retention
Complete Denture
A complete denture is academically defined as a
removable dental prosthesis that replaces all of
the natural dentition and associated structures
of the maxillae (upper) or mandible (lower) or
one of both
Interim or Provisional Denture
• When a complete/partial denture/prosthesis
is intentionally used for a brief period of time
it is known as interim or provisional denture.

Treatment prosthesis
Immediate denture
habit denture
Abutment
An abutment is a tooth, a portion of a tooth, or
a portion of an implant that serves to support
and/or retain a prosthesis.
Pontic
• The missing tooth that is replaced by the
prosthesis is known as pontic
Abutment
Height of Contour
The height of contour is defined as a line
encircling a tooth, designating its greatest
circumference at a selected position determined
by a dental surveyor.
Undercut
when used in reference to an abutment tooth, is
that portion of a tooth that lies between the
height of contour and the gingiva.
Angle of cervical convergence
The angle of cervical convergence is an angle
viewed between a vertical rod contacting an
abutment tooth and the axial surface of the
abutment cervical to the height of contour.
Guide Planes
• Two or more vertically parallel surfaces of
abutment teeth shaped to direct a prosthesis
during placement and removal are called
guiding planes.

• Guiding plane surfaces are parallel to the path

of the placement and parallel to each other;
preferably these surfaces are made parallel to
the long axes of abutment teeth.
Retainer
• A retainer is defined as any type of clasp,
attachment, device, etc., used for the fixation,
stabilization, or retention of a prosthesis.

• A retainer may be either intracoronal or

extracoronal and can be used as a means of
retaining either a removable or a fixed
restoration.
Direct Retainer

N T
A direct retainer is that component of a

E
removable partial denture used to retain or

T
prevent dislodgment.
It consists of a clasp assembly or precision

E
attachment

R ON
DIRE
CT
RETA
INER
INDI
REC
T
RET
AINE
R
Clasp Assembly
A clasp assembly is the part of a removable
partial denture that acts as a direct retainer
and/or stabilizer for a prosthesis by partially
encompassing or contacting an abutment
 1. Retentive Arm
2. Stabilizing Arm
3. Occlusal Rest
4. Minor Connector

Clasp Assembly Parts

Clasp/Clasp Arm
A clasp (direct retainer) is the component of the
clasp assembly that engages a portion of the
tooth surface and either enters an undercut for
retention or remains entirely above the height
of contour to act as a reciprocating element
Internal attachments
• An interlocking device whose one component
is fixed to abutment/s while other is
integrated into removable prosthesis to
stabilize and/or retain it.
Internal attachments
 Clasps
Circumferential
clasps

Bar type clasps

Relining
• RELINING is the procedures used to resurface
the tissue side of a removable dental
prosthesis with new base material, thus
producing an accurate adaptation to the
denture foundation area and the materials
used to reline are relining materials.
 RRR and Relining

Fig 1 Fig 2
Fig 3
Fig 4
Fig 5
Fig 6
Fig 7
 Comparison

Fig 2 Fig 7
Rebasing
• The laboratory process of replacing the entire
denture base material on an existing
prosthesis.
Centric relation
• The maxillomandibular relationship in which the condyles
articulate with the thinnest avascular portion of their respective
disks with the complex in the anterior-superior position against the
shapes of the articular eminencies.

• This position is independent of tooth contact. This position is

clinically discernible when the mandible is directed superior and
anteriorly.

• It is restricted to a purely rotary movement about the transverse

horizontal axis
Centric relation occlusion
The occlusion of opposing teeth when the
mandible is in centric relation. This may or
may not coincide with the maximal intercuspal
position—comp MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL
POSITION
Centric occlusion
The teeth in maximum intercuspation.
Cast

e
• Cast is an accurate and positive reproduction of

to n
a maxillary or mandibular dental arch made
S
a l
from an impression of that arch. For example

n t
e
diagnostic cast ,master cast.

D
• The word cast is preferable to the term model,
which should be used only to designate a
reproduction for display or demonstration
purposes.
Casting
• Casting is the process by which a wax pattern
of a restoration is converted to a replicate in
a dental alloy. The casting process is used to
make dental restorations such as inlays,
onlays, crowns, bridges and removable partial
dentures

• Refractory cast
Dental Cast Surveyor
• A dental cast surveyor
is an instrument used to
determine the relative
parallelism of two or
more axial surfaces of
teeth or locate and
delineate the contours
and relative positions of
abutment teeth and
associated structures.
Clasp Retained Partial Dentures
• Tooth Supported • Tooth and tissue
supported
 Phases Of Partial Denture Construction

1. Education of Patient.
2. Diagnosis, Treatment Planning, Design,
Treatment Sequencing, and Mouth Preparation.
3. Support for Distal Extension Denture Bases.
4. Establishment and Verification of Occlusal
Relations and Tooth Arrangements.
5. Initial Placement Procedures.
6. Periodic Recall.
Requirements Of An Acceptable Method Of
Classification
• It should permit immediate visualization of the
type of partially edentulous arch that is being
considered.
• It should permit immediate differentiation
between the tooth-supported and the tooth-
and tissue supported removable partial
denture.
• It should be universally acceptable.
 Kennedy’s Classifi cati on
Class I: Bilateral edentulous areas located
posterior to the natural teeth.
Class II: A unilateral edentulous area located
posterior to the remaining natural teeth.
Class III: A unilateral edentulous area with
natural teeth remaining both anterior and
posterior to it.
Class IV: A single, but bilateral (crossing the
midline), edentulous area located anterior to the
remaining natural teeth.
 Applegate’s rules
Rule 1: Classification should follow rather than
precede any extractions of teeth that might alter the
original classification.
Rule 2: If a third molar is missing and not to be
replaced, it is not considered in the classification.
Rule 3: If a third molar is present and is to be used
as an abutment, it is considered in the classification.
Rule 4: If a second molar is missing and is not to be
replaced, it is not considered in the classification (e. g., if
the opposing second molar is likewise missing and is not to
be replaced).
Rule 5: The most posterior edentulous area (or
areas) always determines the classification
Rule 6: Edentulous areas other than those
determining the classification are referred to as
modifications and are designated by their number.
Rule 7: The extent of the modification is not
considered, only the number of additional edentulous
areas.
Rule 8: There can be no modification areas in Class
IV arches. (Other edentulous areas lying posterior to
the single bilateral areas crossing the midline would
instead determine the classification; see Rule 5. )
• Skinners classification
• Bailyen classification
• Tissue type classification
 u c t i on i s
e i n t r od
Th
O v e r
o P a r t i a l
e l c o m e t
W r e
D e n t u
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