ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS

(18CIV24)

MODULE 1
a. INTRODUCTION TO ELEMENTS OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
b. INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING
MECHANICS
Prepared by,
Sathish Y A,
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Civil Engineering,
SJCIT, Chickballapur
 Contents
• Scope of different fields of Civil Engineering

• Role of Civil Engineers in the Infrastructural

development
• Effect of Infrastructural facilities on socio-
economic development of a country
 Scope of different fields of Civil Engineering

1. Surveying
2. Building Materials
3. Construction Technology
4. Geotechnical Engineering
5. Structural Engineering
6. Hydraulics
7. Water Resources and Irrigation Engineering
8. Transportation Engineering
9. Environmental Engineering
Scope of different fields of Civil Engineering

1. Surveying
The scope of surveying are:
• To determine the plan or map.
• To determine the dimensions and contours of any
part of the earth’s surface.
• To establish boundaries of land
• To measure the area and volume of land
• To select suitable site for an engineering project
2. Building Materials
• Any engineering structure requires a wide range of materials
known as building materials.
• The choice of the materials is wide & open. It becomes
important for any construction engineer to be well versed
with the properties & applications of the different materials.
Types of Building Materials
1. Traditional Materials
2. Alternative Building Materials
3. Composite Materials
3. Construction Technology
• The different activities should be planned properly
• The manpower, materials & machinery should be
optimally utilized, so that the construction is
completed in time and in an economical manner.
4. Geotechnical Engineering
The study dealing with the properties & behaviour of soil
under loads & changes in environmental conditions is called
geo-technical engineering.
• To investigate the soil and bedrock
• To select the type of foundation
• To design foundation for buildings, dams, retaining wall,
bridge, road pavement
• To study the effect of soil
• To study the compaction of soil
5. Structural Engineering
The scope of Structural Engineering are:
• Structural engineer plays main role in planning &
designing of buildings, bridges, dams etc.
• Designing the structural elements like beams,
slab, columns and footing.
6. Hydraulics
• Hydraulics engineering is a field within the
civil engineering discipline that addresses the
control and management of water resources.
• Hydraulics engineer will plan and manage the
flow and storage of water.
7. Water Resources and Irrigation Engineering
• Irrigation is the process of supplying water by
artificial means to agricultural fields for raising
crops.
• Since rainfall in an area is insufficient, water flowing
in a river can be stored by constructing dams and
diverting the water into the canals & conveyed to
the agricultural fields.
• Hydro electric power generation facilities are also
included under this aspect.
• Water quality management or pollution control is
important phase of water resource engineering.
8. Transportation Engineering
• The transport system includes roadways, railways, air &
waterways.
• The role of transportation engineers is to construct facilities
related to each one.
• Sometimes crucial sections of railways & roads should be
improved.
• Roads to remote places should be developed.
• Ports & harbours should be designed to accommodate.
• It involves geometric or shape and design.
• It involves accident study for safe and comfort transport
system.
• For an airport, the runway & other facilities such as taxiways,
terminal buildings, control towers etc. should be properly
designed.
9. Environmental Engineering
• People in every village, town & city need potable water. The
water should be purified and then supplied to the public. For
water purification, sedimentation tanks, filter beds, etc. should
be designed.
• If the treatment plants are for away from the town or city,
suitable pipelines for conveying water & distributing it should
also be designed.
• In a town or city, a part of the water supplied returns as sewage.
• This sewage should be systematically collected and then
disposed into the natural environment after providing suitable
treatment.
• The solid waster that is generated in a town or locality should be
systematically collected and disposed off suitably.
• Control of Air pollution
• Control of Noise pollution
 Role of Civil Engineers in the Infrastructural
development
Civil engineer has a very important role in the development of the following
infrastructures,
• Measure and map the earth’s surface
• Town and city planning
• Build suitable structures for the rural and urban areas for various utilities
• Build tanks, dams to exploit water resources
• Purify the water and supply water to needy areas like houses, schools,
offices and agriculture field.
• Provide good drainage system and purification plants.
• Provide and maintain communication systems like roads, railways,
harbours and airports.
• Devise systems for the control and efficient flow of traffic.
• Plan and build river navigation and flood control projects
• Monitor land, water and air pollution and take measures to control them.
 Effect of Infrastructural facilities on socio-
economic development of a country
1. Exploitation of natural resources can lead to environmental
disasters.
2. Migration of people from villages to towns & cities in search of
job takes place.
3. Slums are created in cities.
4. It becomes a huge financial burden on the government and tax
payers.
5. Infrastructure development in urban areas has resulted in a bias
in favour of rich.
 b. INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
 Basic Concepts for Idealization
• Particle
• Continuum
• Rigid body
• Point force
• Deformable body
 Force and Its Characteristics
• Magnitude
• Point of Application
• Line of Action
• Direction
 Force System and Classification
Force System

Coplanar Non Coplanar Collinear

Concurrent Concurrent

Non Concurrent Non Concurrent

Parallel Parallel

Like Parallel
Unlike Parallel
 Basic Principles of Engineering Mechanics
• Principle of Physical Independence of Force
• Principle of Superposition of Force
• Principle of Transmissibility of Force
 Resolution of Force
• It is the process of a splitting a single inclined
force in into two components.
 Composition of Force
• It is the process of a converting number of
forces into a single force.
• That single force is called Resultant.
Parallelogram of Forces
 Moment of Force
• It is a turning effect or rotational effect
produced by a force.
• Moment = Force x Perpendicular distance
Polygonal Law of forces
Couple of Force