Writing References in

Research

Dr. Shaveta Sharma

Professor,NNC
(Medical Surgical Nursing )
 Why do we need reference?
 To give credit to the ideas/works of other
authors.
 To allow others (readers) to find the original
sources easily (cited reference)
 To make the work informative. (Quality)
 To get recognition & authentication of the
work.
 To address the issue of plagiarism
 Plagiarism

• the verbatim copying of others work without

acknowledgement.
• the close paraphrasing of others work by
simply
•changing a few words of altering the order of
presentation.
• the unacknowledged quotation of phrases.
 Referencing Style
 The Vancouver system – used in medical and
scientific journal
 The Harvard system
 Chicago manual of style
 American Psychological Association (APA)-
Psychology,education and other social sciences
 American Medical Association (AMA) – Medicine &
biological sciences
 Modern Language Association (MLA)- literature &
arts
 Elements in the reference list
1. Author
2. Title of document
3. Date ( year of publication)
4. place of publication
5. Edition
6. Periodicity (volume/ issue/ part number)
7. Series
 Sources of Information

1. Book
2. Journal
3. Newspaper / magazine
4. Conference paper/proceedings
5. Annual report
6. Institutional / Government publication
7. Electronic sources- Website, CD-ROM,
Databases
8. Thesis/ Reports/ unpublished works
 The Vancouver system
• Reference List- Book
Format: surname initial. Title. Edition. Place: Publisher; year. P.
page number. (series title; volume number).

Example: (one to six author)

1. Mehta RS, Mandal GN. Nursing concept: fundamental of

nursing. Kathmandu: Makalu Books and Stationers; 2005.
For chapter (in editorial works)

2. Yadav BK. In: Mehta RS, Mandal GN, editors. Nursing

concept:fundamental of nursing. Kathmandu: Makalu Books
and Stationers; 2005. p. 125 - 35.
 The Vancouver system contd..

Reference List- Book

More than six authors

3. Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, HauserSL,

Longo DL, Jameson JL, et al., editors.Harrison,s
principles of internal medicine. 17th ed. New
york:McGraw Hill, Medical; 2008.
 Journal
Format:
surname Initials, surname Initials. Title of article. Title
of Journal. [abbreviated] year/date Year Month
date; Volume Number(Issue number):page numbers.
Example:
1. Pass RF, Zhang C, Evans A, Simpson T, Andrews W,
Huang M, et al. Vaccine prevention of maternal
cytomegalovirus infection. N Engl J Med 2009 Mar
19;360(12):1191-99.
 Journal Reference

• Two main Components of a Journal Reference

Bibliographic Elements
and
Punctuations Marks
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC ELEMENTS

Page no comes
Authors in correct sequence, and last this should
names checked from PubMed not be written as
445-447
Correct title
of
the article
to
come after
the
authors
name.

Year of the article

Correct journal Year of
given after the
abbreviation as publication is
journal
given in Pubmed followed by the volume no.
abbreviation
 PUNCTUATION MARKS
Coma followed by space after each author
do not write and before the last author
Full stop after the last author
followed by space and then
the article title

Singh JK, Bawa M, Kanojia RP, Ghai B, Menon P,

Rao KL. Idiopathic simultanoeus intussusception
in a neonate. Pediatr Surg Int 2009;25:445-7.
Single space between the
journal abbreviation and the
year, place no other Semicolon ; after Colon : after volume
punctuation marks the year without no. without any space
any space
Full stop at the
end of the ref.
Citing References in the text
• References should be numbered using Arabic numerals in
box parentheses e.g. [1] in the order of appearance in the text
as a superscript.
 CITING NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

The details may vary depending on the layout of the newspaper eg.
section may not be relevant.

Format: Author if given (full-stop, 1 space) Title of article (full-stop, 1

space) Name of newspaper (1 space) Date of edition (year Month
Day) (semi-colon, no space) Section if applicable (section
abbreviated to Sect.) (colon, no space) Page/s (1 space) Column
number in round brackets (column abbreviated to col.) (full-stop)

Lee G. Hospitalizations tied to ozone pollution: study estimates

50,000 admissions annually. The Washington Post 1996 Jun 21;Sect.
A:3 (col. 5).
 Format for citing website
Format: Author (full-stop after last author, 1 space) Title
(full-stop, 1 space) [Online] (full stop, 1 space) Publication
Year (1 space) [cited year month (abbreviated) day] (semi
colon) Number of screens in square brackets or pages (full-
stop, 1 space) Available from (colon, 1 space) URL: (no
space) URL address underlined

NOTE: • Put a semi colon and 1 space after the cited date if
no pages or screen numbers are listed.
• When the date is approximated, indicate that by following
the date with a question mark and inserting the statement
in square brackets.
 Citing Website

Eg. [2001?] Examples: National Organization for

Rare Diseases [Online]. 1999 Aug 16 [cited 1999
Aug 21]; Available from: URL:http://
www.rarediseases.org/
 Electronic Journal (online journal)
Format:
surname Initials. Title of article. Abbreviated Title of Journal
[serial online]. Year of publication Month day [cited Year
Month Day];Volume Number(Issue number):[about number
of pages or screens].Available from: URL:
Example:
Aylin P, Bottle A, Jarman B, Elliott, P. Paediatric
cardiac surgical mortality in England after Bristol:
descriptive analysis of hospital episode statistics 1991-
2002. BMJ [serial on the Internet]. 2004 Oct9;[cited
2004 October 15]; 329:[about 10 screens].
Available from: URL:http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi
/content/full/329/7470/825
 Zotero is a free (open source) reference management tool
that recognizes bibliographic information on books, journal
articles, and other resources from websites and databases and
extracts metadata from these sources.
•stores related citations, PDFs, files, images, and links in your
library
•creates citations and bibliographies in Word or OpenOffice
documents
•publishes shared libraries for your organization, class, or
research group
•To download and install, go to: http://www.zotero.org
Click on Zotero 5.0 for Windows
Download. Note the links to options
for Other platforms. To complete the
installation, you need to Install
(Chrome) Connector.
The Zotero window has three columns that represent different levels of specificity
for your references:

The left column shows your Zotero libraries and collections as well as 'tags'
(keywords)
The middle column displays items contained within the selected library
The right column displays information about a selected item.
Adding citations to Zotero
You can add citations to your library
in several ways:

1. Manually enter citation information

2. Import citation information for a single item
3. Import citation information for multiple
items
4. Automatically cite web pages
5. Add an item by identifier (ISBN, DOI or PMID)
Another way to add a new item is by clicking
on the Add Item by Identifier option of Zotero.
Enter an ISBN, DOI or PMID (PubMed ID).
Zotero will look up the information and import
it into your library/collection.
 Creating bibliographies from
Zotero
To create a bibliography from Zotero, highlight one or more
references and then right-click to select Create Bibliography from
Selected Item. Then select a Citation Style for your bibliography and
choose one of the following four Formats to create your
bibliography:
1. Save as RTF will allow you to save the bibliography as a rich
text file, which can be opened for example in Word.
2. Save as HTML will allow you to save the bibliography as a
HTML file for viewing in a web browser.
3. Save to Clipboard will allow you to save the bibliography to
your clipboard to paste into any text field.
4. Print will send your bibliography straight to a printer.
In the new dialog box, choose the Citation
Style you would like to use (Vancouver).
Choose the Format (RTF or HTML) to save your
document and click on OK.
Save the bibliography’s file (diabetes & dev
Ctires.rtf) to any location on your computer
(desktop is selected in this example)
 Word Processor Integration
Zotero's Word and OpenOffice plugins allow users to insert citations
directly from their word processing software.
With Zotero version 5.0, the plugin is automatically linked to your
Word or OpenOffice version; see the MS Word Ribbon:

Click on the ZOTERO Tab and you will see this group of Zotero icons in
your Microsoft Word Ribbon:

These five buttons allow you to manage citations and bibliographies in

your Microsoft Word documents.
Add several Citations to the document. Make
sure you move the cursor to the point in the
document where the additional citations will
be.
To create a bibliography, click on the
Add/Edit Bibliography icon. This
automatically adds the bibliography (in
the Vancouver format) to the bottom of
the document.

Note: Do not use your word

processor to edit citations. Any
changes automatically will revert
to the original when Zotero
updates your document.
Now opened is the Document
Preference option. You can
change the Citation Style by
clicking on the new format.

16 March 2018
ANY QUERIES
?
 THANK
YOU

THANK YOU