Debre Markos University Technology Institute

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

.

(Electronic Communication Stream)

Introduction to Communication Systems 
(ECEG – 3152) 
# Class1
Introduction to communication System
By: Desalegn K(dessalegnlove143@gmail.com)

07/22/2021 By Desalegn K. 1
 Contents
 Introduction
 Communication System
Based on the information they carry(analog or digital)
Based on the type of medium they use(wired or wireless
Based on the type of circuit they use(Electronic circuit)
 Elements of communication system
 Modulation
 Attenuation
 fading

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 Introduction
What is a Communication?
• Process of establishing connection or link between two points for
information exchange.
• We can not transfer our information to the desired user directly. (in
most case)
• Hence we need a system which can transmit as well as receive our
information to/from the desired user.

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 Communication System
A system which facilitate the process of communication is termed as
communication system.
Classifications:
 Electronic communication system(based on the electronic circuit
used)
 Analog or digital communication(based on type of information they
carry
 Wired or wireless (based on the type of channel used)

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 Con….
Electronics Communication Systems
It may be
1. Simplex
 One way data communication only. rarely and carefully used as no
back way to send error.
Examples :- live broadcasting (Radio and TV), interface of keyboard
in computer
2. Half Duplex
Can send and receive but not at the same time. Example:- Walkie-
Talkie
3. Full Duplex
Data can transfer in both direction simultaneously. Example :-
Mobile
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 Con….
Generally, based on the type of information it carry a communication system can
be:
 Analog or Digital
An analog communication system transfers information from an analog
source to the sink.
A digital communication system transfers information from a digital source to
the intended receiver (also called the sink).
A digital waveform is defined as a function of time that can have only a discrete
set of amplitude values. If the digital waveform is a binary waveform, only two
values are allowed. an analog waveform is a function of time that has a
continuous range of values.
Digital communication may have waveforms that have digital values or we may
use analog waveforms to carry digital data.
Example an information from binary source can be transmitted by using sin
wave of 1Khz to represent 0 and sin wave of 5Khz to represent 1.
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 Con….
Digital communication has a number of advantages:
 Relatively inexpensive digital circuits may be used.
 Privacy is preserved by using data encryption.
 Data from voice, video, and data sources may be merged and transmitted over a
common digital transmission system.
 In long-distance systems, noise does not accumulate from repeater to repeater.
 Errors are easy to detect even when there is a large amount of noise on the received
signal.
 Errors may often be corrected by the use of coding.
Disadvantages of digital communication
 Much more bandwidth is required than that for analog systems.
 Synchronization is required.
However, The advantages of digital communication systems usually
outweigh their disadvantages. Consequently, digital systems are becoming dominant

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 Basic Elements of Communication system
What are the main parts of Comm. System?

Information source : Audio, image, text and data

Input Transducer: convert source to electrical signal
example Microphone, Camera Keyboard

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 Cont’d…
.

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 Cont’d…..
.

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 Cont’d…
.

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 Cont’d…
Channel types
.

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 Adv. & dis adv. Of wireless communication
Advantages:
 Mobility
 a wireless communication network is a solution in areas where cables are
impossible to install (e.g. hazardous areas, long distances etc.)
 easier to maintain
Disadvantages:
 has security vulnerabilities
 high costs for setting the infrastructure
 unlike wired comm., wireless comm. is influenced by physical obstructions,
climatic conditions, interference from other wireless devices

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 Cont’d…
.

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Why are communication systems designed??
In short, communication systems are designed to transmit information.
Communication system designers have four main concerns:
1. Selection of the information-bearing waveform
2. Bandwidth and power of the waveform
3. Effect of system noise on the received information
4. Cost of the system.

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Block Diagram and Signals
.

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 Cont’d…
 The message information m(t) may be in analog or digital form,
depending on the particular system, and it may represent: audio,
video, image or some other type of information.
 Message at the receiver may be corrupted by noise in the channel, or
there may be other impairments in the system, such as undesired
filtering or undesired nonlinearities
 The spectra (or frequencies) of transmitted information m(t) and
received message are concentrated about ; consequently, they are said
to be baseband signals.
 The transmitter carrier circuit converts the processed baseband signal
into a frequency band that is appropriate for the transmission medium
of the channel.

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 Radio waves generation
 when a high-frequency alternating current (AC) passes through a
copper conductor it generates radio waves which are propagated into
the air using an antenna.

Radio waves have frequencies between:

 3 Hz – 300 KHz - low frequency
 300 KHz – 30 MHz – high frequency
 30 MHz – 300 MHz – very high frequency
 300 MHz – 300 GHz – ultra high frequency

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Information propagation faces
.

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 Cont’d…
 Radio waves (wireless communications) are generated by an antenna
and they propagate in all directions as a straight line.
 Radio waves travel at a velocity of 186.000 miles per second (speed
of light).
 Radio waves become weaker as they travel a long distance

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 Cont’d…
There are 3 modes of propagation:
 Ground wave propagation – for low frequency waves (less than
2MHz)
 LOS propagation – for high frequency waves (>30 MHz)
 Sky wave propagation mode – long distance high frequency waves
(<30MHz)

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 Modulation
 Modulation = adding information (e.g. voice) to a carrier
electromagnetic (radio) signal to enable the message signal travel long
distance.

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 Frequency Modulation (FM).
Amplitude Modulation (AM)

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 Radio frequency interference

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 Radio signal attenuation (path loss)
.

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 Fading
• Fading is caused by interference between two or more
versions of the transmitted signal which arrive at the
receiver at slightly different time.
• These waves, called multi-path waves, combine at the
receiver antenna to give a resultant signal which can vary
widely in amplitude and phase.
• Hence fading is a problem to be mitigated!!!

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 .

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