Method of Expressing Concentrations

Normality, Morality

Molality, % Solution,
Formal Concentration

Equivalent Weight
& PPM

REFERENCES
 In all the techniques of quantitative analysis the use of solutions
requires some basis for the expression of solution concentration.

1. Normality

2. Molarity

3. Molality

4. Percent Solution

5. Formal Concentration

6. Parts per Million (PPM)

Normality- Number of gram equivalent of solute (Substance)
dissolved in one litre (1000 ml) of solution is called as Normality.
 Normality is indicated by N
Gram equivalent Weight of Solute
=
Equivalent Weight

---------------------------------------------
No. of replaceable H + & OH -

 Normality Examples- Molecular weight of NaOH

(Sodium Hydroxide)=
Atomic Weight of Na = 22.99
Atomic Weight of O = 16
Atomic Weight of H = 1
40
- 1N = 40 gm of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000 ml of water
(H2O)

- 0.1 N = 4 gm of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000 ml of

water (H2O)

- 0.01N = 0.4 gm of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000 ml of water

(H2O)
 Molarity - Number of moles of solute (Substance) dissolved in
one litre (1000 mL) of Solution is called as Molarity.

 1 gm in 1000 Number of moles of Solute

M = ------------------------------------
mlMolarity
 = 1 mol.
is indicated by M
1000 mL of Solution

 Molarity Examples- Molecular weight of NaOH (Sodium

Hydroxide)=

Atomic Weight of Na= 22.99

Atomic Weight of O= 16

Atomic Weight of H= 1

40
- 1M= 40 gm of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000 mL of water (H2O)

- 0.1 M= 4 gm of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000 mL of water (H2O)

- 0.01M= 0.4 gm of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000 mL of water (H2O)

 Molarity Examples- Molecular weight of HCl

(Hydrochloric acid)=

Atomic Weight of Cl =

35.5 Atomic Weight of H

=
 Molality- A molal solution contains 1 mole of solute
per one kilogram of solution ( 1 lit. of solvent) is called as
Molality.

 Molality is indicated Number

by M of mol. Wt. of substance
N= ---------------------------------------
1000 gm of Solution (1Kg)

 Molality Examples- Molecular weight of NaOH (Sodium

Hydroxide)=

Atomic Weight of Na = 22.99

Atomic Weight of O = 16

Atomic Weight of H = 1

40
- 1 M = 40 gm of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000 gm of
water (H2O)
- 0.1 M = 4 gm of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000 gm of
water (H2O)
- 0.01 M= 0.4 gm of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000 gm of water
(H2O)
- 1.5 M= 60 gm of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000 gm of
water
(H2O)
 Mass concentration


Weight/volume
– mg/l = mass of substance
volume of solution
– used in water


Weight/weight
– ppm or ppb = mass of substance
mass of solution or matrix
– soil, or sludge or compost


ppm
= mg/l
(only if density of liquid is 1)

ie 1 litre = 1 Kg


ppb
= g/l
(only if density of liquid is 1)
 Molar concentrations

– Molecular weight
= sum of atomic weight

–NH3 = 14 + (3x1) = 17 g/mol

–1 mole = molecular weight in g

= gram atom

– Molar concentration
M = moles per litre
Molar Concentration
 Example
 A solution of formaldehyde is required to preserve some biological specimens in the laboratory.
Method 1 specifies the use of 2 M CH2O.
Method 2 specifies 6 % (w/v) CH2O.
 Which will require the greater quantity of CH2O?
 Method 1.
MW of CH2O = 30 g/mole
2M = 2 moles per litre
2 x 30 g/l = 60g required for each litre prepared.
 Method 2.
6% (w/v) CH2O is 6g in every 100ml solution
6g/100ml = 60g/1000ml
= 60g required for each litre prepared.

ANSWER - they both require the same amount.

 Equivalent and Normal Solutions
By definition ‘ A STANDARD SOLUTION is one whose strength is known.

1. amount of substance (moles) per unit volume

- moles/l or molar (M)
2. amount of reactive species (Equivalents) per unit volume
- equivalents/l or normal ( N )
Think of N as meaning ‘Equivalent in Reactive Strength’

HCl  H+ + Cl- 1M  1 mole H+ per litre

H2SO4  2H+ + SO42- 1M  2 mole H+ per litre
equal molarity does not give equal reactivity
However, one equivalent of each substance in a unit volume will give equivalence in
reactivity.
HCl  H+ + Cl- 1eq/l  1 mole H+ per litre
H2SO4  2H+ + SO42- 1eq/l  1 mole H+ per litre

how do we find the weight of a substance that gives one equivalent?

 Normal Solutions
A 1 Normal Solution is a solution containing 1 Equivalent Weight of a substance per litre of volume .
 For Acids
Example:
1N solution of HCl = MWt/z per litre = 36.5/1 per litre = 36.5g HCl per litre

1N solution of H2SO4 = MWt/z per litre = 98/2 per litre = 49g H2SO4 per litre

 For Bases (Alkali)

z equals the number of moles of H+ ie. (HCl) that would react with 1 mole of the base.
Example:
NaOH + H+  Na+ + H2O z = 1
Ca(OH)2 + 2H+  Ca2+ + 2H2O z = 2

Equivalent weight of NaOH is MW/z = 40/1 = 40 g/equiv

Equivalent weight of Ca(OH)2 is MW/z = 74/2 = 37 g/equiv
 Percent (%) Solution

 Sometimes the concentration is expressed in terms of per cent

(parts per hundred) also. Per cent Composition of a solution can
be expressed as:

1. Per cent W/W = Weight of solute/ Weight of solution X 100

2. Per cent V/V = Volume of solute/ Volume of solution X 100

3. Per cent W/V= Weight of solute/ Volume of solution X 100

 1 %= 1gm of KCl ----------- in 100 ml of water

 10 % = 10 gm of KCl ----------- in 100 ml of water

 100 % = 100 gm of KCl ----------- in 100 ml of water

 Formal Concentration

 The concentration unit, formal, is similar to the more familiar molar

concentration in that it is calculated as the number of moles of a

substance in a liter of solution. Formal concentrations are

notated with the symbol F.

 The formal Concentration (Formality) is applicable to the ionic

substances

 Ex. We'll use calcium carbonate because it has a simple

formula weight (100 g/mole).

 If one has 1 g CaCO3 in 1 L aqueous solution, the concentration of

CaCO3, in formal, is...

 1 g CaCO3/(100 g CaCO3/mole)/(1 L) = 0.01 F CaCO3

 Parts Per Million

 Parts per million is frequently employed to

express the concentration of very dilute solutions and
is express as PPM

 Conc. In PPM Mass of solute / mass

= solution X 106 PPM
of
 1 PPPM = 1 mg/it.
 References
• A.H. Beckett & J.B. Stenlake's, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Vol I & II, Stahlone Press of University of London

• A.I. Vogel, Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic analysis

• P. Gundu Rao, Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry

• Bentley and Driver's Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry

• John H. Kennedy, Analytical chemistry principles

• Indian Pharmacopoeia
Thank You…!!!