ISM - Course Organization Information Storage

and Management

Section 2 Section 4
Section 1 Section 3
Storage Networking Storage Security
Storage System Business Continuity
Technologies and Virtualization and Management

Introduction to Information Direct-Attached Storage and Introduction to Securing the

Storage and Management Introduction to SCSI Business Continuity Storage Infrastructure

Managing the
Storage System Environment Storage Area Networks Backup and Recovery
Storage Infrastructure

Data Protection: RAID Network-Attached Storage Local Replication

Intelligent Storage System IP SAN Remote Replication

Content-Addressed Storage

ISDMR:BEIT VIII: CHAP2:MADH

Storage Virtualization 1
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 Chapter Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to:
• List components of storage system environment
– Host, connectivity and storage
• List physical and logical components of hosts
• Describe key connectivity options
• Describe the physical disk structure
• Discuss factors affecting disk drive performance

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 Lesson: Components of Storage
System Environment
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
• Describe the three components of storage system
environment
– Host, Connectivity and Storage
• Detail Host physical and logical components
• Describe interface protocol
– PCI, IDE/ATA and SCSI
• Describe storage options
– Tape, optical and disk drives

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• Applications runs on hosts
Host
• Hosts can range from simple laptops
to complex server clusters
• Physical components of host
Server
– CPU Laptop
– Storage
• Disk device and internal
memory
– I/O device LAN

• Host to host communications

– Network Interface Card Group of Servers
(NIC)
• Host to storage device
communications
– Host Bus Adapter (HBA)

Mainframe
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Host: Logical Components
Host

Applications

Operating System

DBMS File System

Volume Manager

Device Drivers

HBA HBA HBA

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Logical Components of the Host
• Application
– Interface between user and the host
– Three-tiered architecture
• Application UI, computing logic and underlying databases
– Application data access can be classifies as:
• Block-level access: Data stored and retrieved in blocks,
specifying the LBA
• File-level access: Data stored and retrieved by specifying
the name and path of files
• Operating system
– Resides between the applications and the hardware
– Controls the environment

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 Logical Components of the
Host: LVM
• Responsible for creating and controlling Logical Storage

host level logical storage

– Physical view of storage is converted
to a logical view by mapping
– Logical data blocks are mapped to
physical data blocks
• Usually offered as part of the operating
system or as third party host software LVM
• LVM Components:
– Physical Volumes
– Volume Groups
– Logical Volumes

Physical Storage

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 Volume Groups
• One or more Physical Volumes form
a Volume Group Logical Volume
• LVM manages Volume Groups as a
single entity Logical Volume Logical Disk
Block
• Physical Volumes can be added and
removed from a Volume Group as
necessary
• Physical Volumes are typically
divided into contiguous equal-sized
disk blocks
• A host will always have at least one
disk group for the Operating System
– Application and Operating
System data maintained in Physical Volume 1 Physical Volume 2 Physical Volume 3
separate volume groups
Physical
Disk Block
Volume Group

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LVM Example: Partitioning and
Concatenation
Servers

Logical Volume

Physical Volume

Partitioning Concatenation

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 Logical Components of the Host
• Device Drivers
(Cont)
– Enables operating system to recognize the device
– Provides API to access and control devices
– Hardware dependent and operating system specific
• File System
– File is a collection of related records or data stored as a unit
– File system is hierarchical structure of files
• Examples: FAT 32, NTFS, UNIX FS and EXT2/3

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 How Files are Moved to and File System

Teacher (User)from Storage Course File(s) File System Files

Blocks

1 2 3

Configures/ Reside in Mapped by a file

Manages system to

Disk Physical
Disk Sectors Extents LVM Logical Extents

6 5 4

Managed by Consisting of Mapped by Residing in

disk storage LVM to
subsystem

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 Connectivity
• Interconnection between hosts or between
a host and any storage devices
• Physical Components of Connectivity are:
– Bus, port and cable

CPU BUS HBA Cable

Disk

Port

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 Connectivity Protocol
• Protocol = a defined format for communication between sending and receiving
devices

Tightly Directly Network

Connected Attached Connected
Entities Entities Entities

– Tightly connected entities such as central processor to RAM, or storage

buffers to controllers (example PCI)
– Directly attached entities connected at moderate distances such as host to
storage (example IDE/ATA)
– Network connected entities such as networked hosts, NAS or SAN (example
SCSI or FC)

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 Popular Connectivity Options:
PCI
• PCI is used for local bus system within a computer
• It is an interconnection between microprocessor and
attached devices
• Has Plug and Play functionality
• PCI is 32/64 bit
• Throughput is 133 MB/sec
• PCI Express
– Enhanced version of PCI bus with higher throughput
and clock speed

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 Popular Connectivity Options:
IDE/ATA
• Integrated Device Electronics (IDE) / Advanced Technology
Attachment (ATA)
– Most popular interface used with modern hard disks
– Good performance at low cost
– Inexpensive storage interconnect
– Used for internal connectivity
• Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA)
– Serial version of the IDE /ATA specification
– Hot-pluggable
– Enhanced version of bus provides upto 6Gb/s (revision 3.0)

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 Popular Connectivity Options:
SCSI
• Parallel SCSI (Small computer system interface)
– Most popular hard disk interface for servers
– Higher cost than IDE/ATA
– Supports multiple simultaneous data access
– Used primarily in “higher end” environments
– SCSI Ultra provides data transfer speeds of 320
MB/s
• Serial SCSI
– Supports data transfer rate of 3 Gb/s (SAS 300)

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 Storage: Medias and Options
• Magnetic Tape
– Low cost solution for long term data storage
– Limitations
• Sequential data access, Single application access at a time,
Physical wear and tear and Storage/retrieval overheads
• Optical Disks
– Popularly used as distribution medium in small, single-user computing
environments
– Write once and read many (WORM): CD-ROM, DVD-ROM
– Limited in capacity and speed
• Disk Drive
– Most popular storage medium with large storage capacity
– Random read/write access
• Ideal for performance intensive online application

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 Lesson Summary
Key points covered in this lesson:
• Host components
– Physical and Logical
• Connectivity options
– PCI, IDE/ATA, SCSI
• Storage options
– Tape, optical and disk drive

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 Lesson: Disk Drive
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
• List and discuss various disk drive components
– Platter, spindle, read/write head and actuator arm assembly
• Discuss disk drive geometry
• Describe CHS and LBA addressing scheme
• Disk drive performance
– Seek time, rotational latency and transfer rate
• Law’s governing disk drive performance
• Enterprise flash drive

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Disk Drive Components

Controller

HDA Interface

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Connector
 Physical Disk Structure
Spindle Sector
Track

Sector

Cylinder

Track

Platter

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 Logical Block Addressing
Sector 10

Block 0
Head 0
(Upper Surface)

Block 8
Cylinder 2
(Lower Surface)

Block 16

Block 32

Block 48

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Physical Address=UCHS
N Logical Block Address= Block#
 Disk Drive Performance
• Electromechanical device
– Impacts the overall performance of the
storage system
• Disk Service Time
– Time taken by a disk to complete an I/O
request
Disk service time =
• Seek Time
Seek time + (rotational delay/speed in RPM)+ (block size/transfer rate)
• Rotational Latency
• Data Transfer Rate

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 Disk Drive Performance: Seek
Time
• Time taken to position
the read/write head
• Lower the seek time, the
faster the I/O operation
• Seek time specifications

include:
– Full stroke
– Average
– Track-to-track

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 Disk Drive Performance:
Rotational Speed/Latency
• The time taken by platter to
rotate and position the data
under the R/W head
• Depends on the rotation speed
of the spindle
• Average rotational latency
– One-half of the time taken
for a full rotation
– Appx. 5.5 ms for 5400-rpm
drive
– Appx. 2.0 ms for 15000-
rpm drive

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 Disk Drive Performance: Data
Transfer Rate
• Average amount of data per unit time
• Internal Transfer Rate
– Speed at which data moves from a track to disk internal buffer
• External Transfer Rate
– The advertised speed of the interface Internal transfer rate
measured here

External transfer rate

measured here

Head Disk
HBA Interface Buffer Assembly

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UN Disk Drive
 Fundamental Laws Governing
Disk Performance
• Little’s Law
– Describes the relationship between the number of requests in a
queue and the response time.
– N=a×R
• “N” is the total number of requests in the system
• “a” is the arrival rate
• “R” is the average response time
• Utilization law
– Defines the I/O controller utilization
– U = a × Rs
• “U” is the I/O controller utilization
I/O Queue
Arrival • “RS“ is the service time
I/O
6 5 4 3 2 1 Processed I/O Request
Controller
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 Utilization vs. Response time
Knee of curve: disks at
about 70% utilization

Low Queue Size

0% Utilization 70% 100%

• Consider a disk I/O system in which an I/O request arrives at a rate of 100
I/Os per second. The service time, RS, is 4 ms.
– Utilization of I/O controller (U= a × Rs)
– Total response time (R=Rs /1-U)
• Calculate the same with service time is doubled

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Enterprise Flash Drives: A New Generation Drives
Conventional disk Enterprise flash drive
drive • Highest possible throughput per
drive
• Mechanical Delay associated
– No Spinning magnetic media
with conventional drive – No Mechanical movement
– Seek time which causes seek and
latency
– Rotational latency – Solid State enables consistent
I/O performance
• More power consumption due
• Very low latency per I/O
to mechanical operations
• Energy efficient storage design
• Low Mean Time Between
– Lower power requirement per
Failure GB of storage
– Lower power requirement per
IOPS

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 Enterprise Flash Drives –
•
Overview
Drive is based on Flash Solid State memory technology
– High performance and low latency
– Non volatile memory
– Uses single layer cell (SLC) or Multi Level cell (MLC) to
store data
• Enterprise Flash Drives use a 4Gb FC interface

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 Enterprise Flash Drives –
Benefits
• Faster performance 10@15K 30@15K
1@15K
Fibre Fibre
– Up to 30 times greater IOPS Fibre
Channel Channel Channel
drive drives drives
(benchmarked)
– Typical applications: 8 – 12X

Response Time
– Less than 1 millisecond
service time
• More energy efficient
– 38 percent less per terabyte
– 98 percent less per IO 1 Flash drive

• Better reliability
IO per second
– No moving parts
– Faster RAID rebuilds

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 Enterprise Flash Drives – “Tier-
0” Application
• Position Enterprise Flash Drives as the high-performance
option in demanding environments
– Low latency applications, also known as “Tier-0”
applications
• Standard form-factor and capacity design allows for easier
integration
• High performance, low power for a “Green” initiative
• Target Customer/Market Segments:
– High performance solutions coupled with low power
– Specifically target Oracle database customers initially
– Financial trading
– OLTP databases
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 Lesson Summary
Key points covered in this lesson:
• Disk drive components and geometry
• Disk drive addressing scheme
• Disk drive performance
• Convention drive Vs Enterprise Flash Drives
• Enterprise Flash Drives for high performance
and low power storage solution

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 Application Requirements and
Disk Performance
Exercise:
• Consider an application that requires 1TB of storage capacity
and performs 4900 IOPS
– Application I/O size is 4KB
– As it is business critical application, response time must
be within acceptable range
• Specification of available disk drive:
– Drive capacity = 73 GB
– 15000 RPM
– 5 ms average seek time
– 40 MB/sec transfer rate
Calculate the number of disks required?
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 Solution
• Calculate time required to perform one I/O
=Seek time + (rotational delay/speed in RPM)+ (block size/transfer
rate)
Therefore, 5 ms + 0.5 /15000 + 4K/40MB = 7.1 msec
• Calculate max. number of IOPS a disk can perform
– 1 / 7.1 ms = 140 IOPS
• For acceptable response time disk controller utilization must be less
than 70%
– Therefore, 140 X 0.7 = 98 IOPS
• To meet application
– Performance requirement we need 4900/98 i.e. 50 disk
– Capacity requirement we need 1TB/ 73 GB i.e. 14 disk

Disk required = max (capacity, performance)

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 Chapter Summary
Key points covered in this chapter:
• Storage system environment components:
– Host, connectivity and storage
• Physical disk structure and addressing
• Factors affecting disk performance
• Flash drives benefits

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 Check Your Knowledge
• What are some examples of hosts?
• What are the physical and logical components of
a host?
• What are the common connectivity protocols
used in computing environments?
• What is the difference between seek time and
rotational latency?
• What is the difference between internal and
external data transfer rates?
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