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The first patient, a 56-year-old man who was previously well was admitted to the Emergency
Department in a stupor with clonic twitching of his left extremities and face. He had been feeling ill for
several days and his wife had noted him to be lethargic on the morning of admission. At about 8 a.m.,
when she went to check on him, she noted that his left side was intermittently twitching. However, no
bilateral generalization of the seizures occurred. There was not any history of diabetes mellitus nor
cerebrovascular diseases and malignancies. On initial assessment in the emergency room showed
blood pressure was 150/90 mmHg, pulse was 90 beats per minute and regular, respiratory rate was 20
breaths per minute and regular, temperature was 38.5 oC. He was stuporous with appropriate
withdrawal responses on the right, and he had continuous clonic twitchings on the left extremities
and face, which were synchronous. No other pertinent findings were noted on other neurologic
examinations. Mild left-sided hemiparesis and confusional state persisted for several hours after the
seizures subsided. On general examination showed dryness of the mucous membranes, decreased
skin turgor and myoedema (a bulging of subcutaneous and muscle tissue on percussion). The major
laboratory finding was hyperglycemia (blood glucose 500 mg/dL) in the absence of ketosis.
The second patient, a 3-year-old boy was taken to Emergency Department by his parents
because of seizures since yesterday. He had seizures for 3 times and each episode lasted for
about 1 minute. The boy was conscious before and after seizing. His parents depict the
boy’s body felt stiff and his eyes were rolling back when he was seizing. He also looks
unusually sleepy since 12 hours ago. He has been feverish for the past 3 days. Four days
earlier, the patient fell from a tree and had laceration wound on his leg. His wound got
treated by his parents. He had a history of ear discharge when he was 2 years old. History of
dental cavity was being denied. History of previous seizure is denied and vaccinations are
incomplete. Physical examination results: GCS E3M5V3, heart rate 80 beats per minute,
respiratory rate 25 breaths per minute, body temperature 39 oC. Neurological examination
results: meningeal signs (–), neck stiffness (+) and Brudzinski sign +/+; pupils were isochoric
(2 mm/2 mm) and light reflex +/+; pathological reflexes +/+, physiological reflex increased in
excitability; cranial nerves cannot be determined. Laboratory results: Hb 10 g/dL, Ht 32%,
WBC 15.000/μL, platelets 300.000/μL, Na+ 121 mEq/l and K+ 4 mEq/l.
Identify and discuss the problems in these cases chronologically, while considering all
possibilities!
Learning Issues
1. Macam-macam penurunan kesadaran berdasarkan penyebab
neurologis
2. Tanda & Gejala penurunan kesadaran
3. Diagnosis penurunan kesadaran, cedera kepala, dan kejang
4. Tanda & gejala, diagnosis, tatalaksana penyakit neuroemergency
5. Tatalaksana awal kejang & status epilepticus
6. Komplikasi & prognosis neuroemergency
LI 1
Koma
• Koma adalah keadaan sleep like state, dimana pasien tidak memberikan respon yang berarti terhadap lingkungan dan
rangsangan sekitarnya. Gambaran kondisi koma :
• Kedua mata tertutup dan tidak terbuka spontan.
• Pasien tidak berbicara dan tidak ada pergerakan yang berarti baik pada
wajah maupun ekstremitas.
• Stimulasi verbal tidak menimbulkan respons.
• Stimulasi nyeri biasanya tidak menghasilkan respons atau hanya timbul
gerak refleks yang tidak bermakna yang dimediasi spinal cord/ brainstem
pathways
• Koma merupakan hasil dari gangguan fungsi baik pada sistem RAS pada brainstem atau gangguan pada kedua hemisfer
cerebrum (Figure 3-1).
• Hal terpenting dalam mengevaluasi pasien koma adalah menentukan apakah etiologinya lesi struktural pada otak ( biasanya
membutuhkan tindakan bedah) atau diffuse disorder karena gangguan metabolik, meningitis, atau kejang ( biasanya
membutuhkan tindakan medis segera).
Diagnosis SAH
CT scan:
• Grade 1 - No
subarachnoid blood
seen on CT scan
• Grade 2 - Diffuse or
vertical layers of SAH
less than 1 mm thick
• Grade 3 - Diffuse clot
and/or vertical layer
greater than 1 mm
thick
• Grade 4 - Intracerebral
or intraventricular clot
with diffuse or no
subarachnoid blood
Ropper AH, Samuels MA, Klein JP. Adams and Victor’s principles of neurology. 10th ed. 2014. New York: McGraw-Hill education. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1164341-overview
Diagnosis Hematom intraserebral
Netter, Frank H., et al. Netter's Neurology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders, 2012
Penurunan Kesadaran
Penilaian Penurunan
Kesadaran :
1. Kuantitatif (ex:GCS)
2. Kualitatif
Ropper AH, et al. Adam’s and victor principles of neurology. 11th ed.
Ropper AH, et al. Adam’s and victor principles of neurology. 11th ed.
Hipertensi Ensefalopati
Patofisiologi
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-> Mostafa Sharifian, MD. Hypertensive Encephalopathy. Iran J Child Neurol. 2012
Adams and Victors Principles of Neurology 10th ed
Harrison
Meningitis
Tanda Tanda khas: Demam, Kaku kuduk, Sakit kepala hebat.
& Pasien juga dapat mengalami kejang, dan gangguan
Gejala kesadaran. Bisa juga didapatkan adanya Brudzinski’s
sign & Kernig’s sign.
Sebagian besar kasus pada orang dewasa bisa
disebabkan karena adanya infeksi Streptococcus
pneumoniae atau Neisseria meningitidis.
Diagn - Pungsi Lumbar
osis - Analisis CSF
- CT-Scan
- MRI
Venkatesan A, Geocadin RG. Diagnosis and management of acute encephalitis: A practical approach. Neurol Clin Pract. 2014;4(3):206-215.
Harrison Internal Medicine 20th Edition
doi:10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000036
Management of acute encephalitis
Venkatesan A, Geocadin RG. Diagnosis and management of acute encephalitis: A practical approach. Neurol Clin Pract. 2014;4(3):206-215. doi:10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000036
Therapeutics agents commonly
used in encephalitis
Venkatesan A, Geocadin RG. Diagnosis and management of acute encephalitis: A practical approach. Neurol Clin Pract. 2014;4(3):206-215. doi:10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000036
Tetanus
Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics 21th Edition Harrison Internal Medicine 20th Edition
Subdural Hematom
ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Available from:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/epi.13709/full
Kejang
Classification
• Seizures
• Etiology
• Idiopathic (primary)
• Symptomatic (secondary)
• Site of origin
• Clinical form
• Generalized
• Focal
• Frequency
• Isolated
• Cyclic
• Repetitive
• Electrophysiologic correlates
Ropper AH, et al. Adam’s and victor principles of neurology. 11th ed.
Rosen’s Emergency Medicine. 2017
Hiperosmolar hiperglikemi
• Status Hiperglikemi Hiperosmolar (SHH) adalah suatu keadaan dimana terjadi
peningkatan glukosa darah sangat tinggi (600-1200 mg/dl), tanpa tanda dan gejala
asidosis, osmolaritas plasma sangat meningkat (330-380 mOs/ml), plasma keton
(+/-), anion gap normal atau sedikit meningkat.
Konsensus Kejang Demam IDAI 2016 Konsensus Status epilepticus IDAI 2016
Konsensus Status epilepticus IDAI 2016
LI 6
Komplikasi status epileptikus
• SSP • Ginjal
Edema serebral, narkosis akibat
penumpukan co2, hipoksia serebral, Asidosis renal tubularm sindrom
perdarahan serebral nefritik akut, oligouria, uremia,
• KV rabdomiolisis, mioglobinuria
Aritmia, henti jantung, takikardi,
bradikardia, gagal jantung kongestif, • Endokrin
hipertensi, hipotensi Hipopituarisme, peningkatan prolaktin,
• Respi vasopresin dan kortisol, penurunan BB
Apneu, edema paru, acute
respitratory distress syndrome, infeksi • Lain-lain
nosokomial, aspirasi, spasme laring, DIC, penurunan motilitas intestinal,
asidosis respiratorik, emboli paru
pandisotonomia, sndrom disfungsi
• Metabolik
organ multipel, fraktur
Asidosis metabolik, hiperkalemia,
hiponatremia, hipomagnesemia,
hipermagnesemia, dehidrasi
Aninditha A, Wiratman W. Buku ajar neurologi. Buku 1. Jakarta: Departemen
Neurologi FKUI, 2017
Prognosis
• Angka kematian
• Dewasa mencapai 26%
• > 80 tahun mencacpai 50%
• Mortalitis tertinggi SE akibat anoksia atau hipoksia akut
yang berat
Etiologi Populasi Mortalitas
Stroke Usia tua 20-40%
Penyalahgunaan alkohol Dewasa 0-10%
Penyalalhgunaan obat-obatan Dewasa 20%
Penurunan kadar obat antiepilepsi Dewasa <10%
Hipoksia arau anoksia akut berat Dewasa 60-80%
Infeksi SSP Anak 30%
Tumor otak Dewasa 0-20%
Trauma dewasa 11-25%
Aninditha A, Wiratman W. Buku
ajar neurologi. Buku 1. Jakarta: Kriptogenik Bervariasi
Departemen Neurologi FKUI,
Prognosis dan Komplikasi Tetanus
• Hambatan jalan napas
• Fraktur tulang spinal dam rhabdomiolisis