Slide Presentations for ECE 329,

Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields

 3.1

Faraday’s Law and

Ampère’s Circuital Law
 3.1-3

Maxwell’s Equations in Differential Form

Why differential form?

Because for integral forms to be useful, an a priori

knowledge of the behavior of the field to be
computed is necessary.

The problem is similar to the following:

1
If 0 y(x) dx  2, what is y(x)?
There is no unique solution to this.
 3.1-4

However, if, e.g., y(x) = Cx, then we can find y(x),

since then
1 x 2 1
0 Cx dx  2 or C  2 0  2 or C  4
 
 y(x)  4x.
On the other hand, suppose we have the following
problem:
dy
If  2, what is y?
dx
Then y(x) = 2x + C.
Thus the solution is unique to within a constant.
 3.1-5

FARADAY’S LAW

First consider the special case

E  E x (z,t) a x and H  H y (z, t) a y

and apply the integral form to the rectangular path

shown, in the limit that the rectangle shrinks to a
point. y z
(x, z) z (x, z + z)

x S C

(x + x, z) (x + x, z + z)

x
 3.1-6

d
O C E d l   dt S B dS
 Ex  z  z
x   Ex  z x  
d
dt

 By  x z
x, z 
Lim
 E  x z  z 
  Ex  z x
x  0
z  0
x z
  Lim
d
dt
  B 
y x, z 
x z
x 0 x z
z  0

Ex By

z t
 3.1-7

General Case
E  E x (x, y, z,t)a x  E y (x, y, z,t)a y  Ez (x, y, z, t)a z
H  H x (x, y, z,t)a x  H y (x, y, z,t)a y  Hz (x, y, z, t)a z
Ez E y Bx
– –
y z t
E x E z By
– –
z x t
E y E x Bz
– –
x y t
Lateral space
derivatives of the Time derivatives of
components of E the components of B
 3.1-8

Combining into a single differential equation,

ax ay az
   B
–
x y z t
Ex Ey Ez

B Differential form
E–
t of Faraday’s Law

  
  ax  ay  az
x y z
B
Del Cross E or Curl of E = –
t
 3.1-9

AMPÈRE’S CIRCUITAL LAW

Consider the general case first. Then noting that
d
C E • dl  – dt S B • dS

  E  –  (B)
t
we obtain from analogy,
d
C H • dl  S J • dS  dt S D • dS

  H  J   (D)
t
 3.1-10

D Differential form
Thus HJ of Ampère’s
t circuital law

Special case:
E  E x (z,t)a x , H  H y (z,t)a y
ax a y az
 D
0 0 J
z t
0 Hy 0
H y Dx
–  Jx 
z t
 3.1-11

H y Dx
 – Jx –
z t


Ex. For E  E0 cos 6 ×10 t  kz a y
8

in free space    0 ,    0 , J = 0  ,
find the value(s) of k such that E satisfies both
of Maxwell’s curl equations.
Noting that E  E y (z,t)a y , we have from
B
E– ,
t
 3.1-12

ax ay az
B 
 –  E  – 0 0
t z
0 Ey 0
 Bx  Ey

t z
 

z
E0 cos  6  108
t  kz  

 kE0 sin  6 108 t  kz 
kE0
Bx  
6  108
cos  6  108
t  kz 
 3.1-13

Thus,
kE0
B
6  108
cos  6  108
t  kz  ax

B B
H 
0 4 107
kE0

240 2
cos  6  108
t  kz  ax

Then, noting that H  H x (z,t)a xwe

, have from
D
H ,
t
 3.1-14

ax ay az
D 
 ×H  0 0
t z
Hx 0 0

 Dy  H x

t z
2
k E0

240 2
sin  6  108
t  kz 
 3.1-15

k 2 E0
Dy 
1440  10
3 8
cos  6   108
t  kz 

k 2 E0
D
1440  10
3 8
cos  6   108
t  kz  a y

D D
E  9
 0 10 36
k 2 E0
 cos  6  10 t  kz  a y
8

4 2
 3.1-16

Comparing with the original given E, we have

k 2 E0
E0 
4 2
k   2

E  E0 cos  6  108 t  2 z  a y

Sinusoidal traveling waves in free space, propagating in the

z directions with velocity, 3  10 8 ( c) m s.
