Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DYNAMICS (MKM411)
Prof. M. Sharifpur
mohsen.sharifpur@up.ac.za
February 7th
Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
University of Pretoria
2019
Engineering
Problems
Mathematics Review
Finding; Continuum Mechanics
- Governing (Differential) Equations
Fluid Mechanics
- Initial & Boundary Conditions Heat Transfer
dT T
? ?
dx x
dT ?
dT
? T
?
dt t
4
In Partial Derivative;
All independent variables will be assumed
to be constant except the one which we are
taking the Derivative partially respect to it
3
T ( x, y, t ) ax bxy cy t
2 2
T T
? 2ax by
x x
T T
? bx 3cy 4
y
y
T T
? 0
z z
T ( x, y, t ) ax bxy cy t
2 3 2
T T
? 2t
t t
y z
0, x y z
x x 0
y x t t t
0 ,
z z t t t
z x 0
y y
0. x y z
Mathematics Review
T(x , y ,z , t) ax bxy cy xyz t
2 3 2
T T T T
dT ? dT dx dy dz dt
x y z t
dT dT T dx T dy T dz T
?
dt dt x dt y dt z dt t
Can we simplify it?
vx vy vz
dT dT T T dy T dz T dt
?
dx dx x y dx z dx t dx
1/vx
Mathematics Review
U(x , y ,z , t) ax bxy cy xyz t
2 3 2
dU dU U dx U dy U dz U
?
dt dt x dt y dt z dt t
Is there any other ways to find dU ?
dt dU d
Another Way to find is to apply
dt dt as an operator;
dU dx dx dy 2 dy dx dy dz
2ax (by bx ) 3cy ( yz xz xy ) 2t
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
After Rearranging
dU dx dy dz
(2ax by yz ) (bx 3cy xz ) xy 2t
2
dt dt dt dt
U U U U
2ax by yz bx 3cy 2 xz xy 2t
x y z t
dU U dx U dy U dz U
Partial Derivative 8
dt x dt y dt z dt t Derivative
Mathematics Review
U U U
dU dx dy dz
x y , z y x , z z x , y
U ( x, y, z ) ax bxy cy xyz
2 3
9
Question;
T dT T
dT dx
x dx x
dT T
4ax b
dx x
( x, y, z, t )
d dx dy dz
dt x dt y dt z dt t
d dx dy dz
dt x dt y dt z dt t
Any questions?
Unannounced Quiz 1
General Regulations for Quizzes;
1- Write your name and surname , students number, date and the
quiz number , plus your signature on the top of a blank paper.
2- When the quiz starts, do not talk, walk, speak and look around
…up to the end of collection.
4- When the time is up, do not write any more, turn your paper
and the first person on the right hand side (on each row), pass
his/her paper to the left hand side… I will collect them at the last
left ones from each row.
A) P( x, y , z, t ) ax bx 2 y 1 cy 3t hxy 2 z 2 t 3 7
B) P( x, y , z, t ) ax 2 cx 3 y 1 dy 3 kx 1 yz 2t t 2 7
Unannounced Quiz 1
Time: 5 Minutes
DP
Find ?
Dt
If the last digit of your Student number is an
odd number use A , else use B
A) P( x, y , z, t ) ax bx 2 y 1 cy 3t hxy 2 z 2 t 3 7
B) P( x, y , z, t ) ax 2 cx 3 y 1 dy 3 kx 1 yz 2t t 2 7
Unannounced Quiz 1 - The solution
A) P( x, y , z, t ) ax bx 2 y 1 cy 3t hxy 2 z 2 t 3 7
dP P Pdx
DP P PdyP PPdz P
dP dx dy dz dt
dt Dt x x dt
y y dt
z ztdt t
P P
a 2bx 3 y 1 hy 2 z 2 bx 2 y 2 3cy 4t 2hxyz 2
x y
PP 22 23 P
23hxy z cy 3 3t 2
zz t
DP dx dy dz
bx43yy21 hy 22z 32 )v x ( (bx
(a 32bx 2 32 3
2bx y y 3cycy4t2t22hxyz
hxyz23 ))v y ((23hxy
hxy22zz34)v) z (cycy3132t t2 )
Dt dt dt dt
B) P( x, y , z, t ) ax 2 cx 3 y 1 dy 3 kx 1 yz 2t t 2 7
DP P dx P dy P dz P
Dt x dt y dt z dt t
P P
2ax 3cx 4 y 1 kx 2 yz 2t cx 3 y 2 3dy 2 kx 1 z 2t
x y
P P
2kx 1 yz 3t kx 1 yz 2 2t
z t
DP 4 1 2 2 dx 3 2 1 2 dy
(2ax 3cx y kx yz t ) ( cx y 3dy kx z t )
2
Dt dt dt
1 3 dz
( 2kx yz t ) (kx 1 yz 2 2t )
dt
We know;
dT T
dx x
T dT T
dT dx
x dx x
dT T
4ax b
dx x
Question;
T ( x, y , z )
T T
if 2x 1 ( x ) dx ?
x
T
Is it T ( ) dx x 2 x C NO
x
T
x
( ) dx T ( x, y , z ) x 2
x F ( y, z )
For example:
T
T ( x, y, z ) x x y z yz 5
2
2x 1
x
Three different notation
in Cartesian coordinate
Position Velocity components Unit vectors
1) x1 , x2 , x3 v1 , v2 , v3 e1 , e2 , e3
2) x, y, z vx , v y , vz ex , e y , ez
3) x, y, z u , v, w i, j , k
. ( i j k ). div
x y z (vector)
v ( x, y , z , t ) v x i v y j v z k
vx v y vz
.v ? .v (scalar)
x y z
1) BC=1, I=1 Boundary and Initial
3) BC=2, I=0 Conditions
4) BC=2, I=1 A)
5) BC=3, I=0 2T T 2T T egen T
a b 2 c
x 2
x y z k t
6) BC=3, I=1
7) BC=4, I=0
8) BC=4, I=1
9) BC=5, I=0
10) BC=5, I=1
11) BC=6, I=0
12) BC=6, I=1
22
Is there any rules for the number of
Boundary and Initial Conditions which
we must looking for?
2T T 2T T egen T
a b 2 c Not Power
x 2
x y z k t
In each directions, the number of BC is equal to the highest order of the
For example, in x direction; T
2
2 BC in x direction we need
x 2
Therefore, we need 5 BC at all (2 in x, 2 in y and 1 in z directions)
For Initial Condition, the highest order of the
t 1 IC we need
1) BC=1, I=1 Boundary and Initial
3) BC=2, I=0 Conditions
4) BC=2, I=1 A)
5) BC=3, I=0 2T T 2T T egen T
a b 2 c
x 2
x y z k t
6) BC=3, I=1
7) BC=4, I=0 B)
8) BC=4, I=1 T T T
k c d egen 0
9) BC=5, I=0 x x y z
10) BC=5, I=1 k Const.
11) BC=6, I=1 T 2
T T
k 2 c d egen 0
12) BC=6, I=1 x y z
24
Boundary and Initial Conditions
1) BC=1, I=1 (Mathematically we call them Conditions)
3) BC=2, I=0
4) BC=2, I=1 T
2
T T egen T
a b c
5) BC=3, I=0 x 2
x y k t
6) BC=3, I=1
BC=4, I=0 k T c T2 d T egen 0
2 2
7)
8) BC=4, I=1 x k Const
x
.
y z
9) BC=5, I=0
T T T
2 2 2
2T 2T 2T T
k ( 2 2 2 ) egen c
x y z t
one-D (x-direction) ,in steady state ,and no heat generation;
2T d 2T T ( x) C1 x C2
0 0
x 2
dx 2
d 2T
2
0
dx
T ( x) C1 x C2
BC 1)
BC 2)
BC 1) C2 150
80
BC 2) C1
L
80
T ( x) x 150
L
Boundary and Initial Conditions
Mechanically
T T egen 1 T
2 2
2 B=4, I=1
x 2
y k t
h, T
h, T
Insulated
28
Boundary and Initial Conditions
2T T egen
0 BC=3, I=0
x 2
y k
T T T
2
egen 1 T
T BC=4, I=1
x 2
y z k t
T T T egen 1 T
2 2 2
2 2 BC=6, I=1
x 2
y z k t
2T 2T
a 2 BC=2, I=2
x 2
t 29
Unannounced QUIZ 2
Allowance Time 3 minutes
For solving following partial differential equation
analytically, How many Initial and Boundary
Conditions do we need? Specify how many at all ,
and how many in each direction?
If the last digit of your Student number is an
odd number use A , else use B
2
T
2
T T 1 T
egen T 2
A) c 2 b d T a 2
x y z k t z
T T T 1 T T
2 2 2
e
c 2 d T b 2
gen
B) a
z x y k t y
Initial and Boundary Conditions:
2
T
2
T T egen 1 T 2T
A) c 2 b d T a 2
x y z k t z
Initial Condition: 1
Boundary Conditions:
x- direction: 2
y- direction: 1 BC = 5 at all
z- direction: 2
We must look for 5 BC & 1 IC
Initial and Boundary Conditions:
T T T 1 T T
2 2 2
egen
B) a c 2 d T b 2
z x y k t y
Initial Condition: 1
Boundary Conditions:
x- direction: 2
y- direction: 2 BC = 5 at all
z- direction: 1
We must look for 5 BC & 1 IC
An Example for better understanding of the Conservation of Mass
ρ = 1000 kg/ m³
t=0 CV=0.1 m³
Mass Flow rate at the inlet of the pipe= 0 kg/s , Total water inside the CV= 0 kg ,
Mass Flow rate comes into the CV= 0 kg/s , Goes out of the CV = 0 kg/s
t = t1 CV
Mass Flow rate at the inlet of the pipe= 2kg/s , Total water inside the CV= 0 kg ,
Comes into the CV= 0 kg/s , Goes out of the CV = 0 kg/s
t = t2 CV
Mass Flow rate at the inlet of the pipe= 2kg/s , Total water inside the CV= 20kg ,
Comes into the CV= 1 kg/s , Goes out of the CV = 0 kg/s
ρ = 1000 kg/ m³
t = t2 CV=0.1 m³
Mass Flow rate at the inlet of the pipe= 2kg/s , Total water inside the CV= 20kg ,
Comes into the CV= 1 kg/s , Goes out of the CV = 0 kg/s
t = t3 CV
Mass Flow rate at the inlet of the pipe= 2kg/s , Total water inside the CV= 80kg ,
Comes into the CV= 2 kg/s , Goes out of the CV = 1.5 kg/s
CV Steady
Mass Flow rate at the inlet of the pipe= 2kg/s , Total water inside the CV= 100kg ,
Comes into the CV= 2 kg/s , Goes out of the CV = 2 kg/s
Physical meaning of Steady-State
A
B