IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech.

, IIT Kharagpur)
KINEMATICS Example 1
Motion in two dimensions
Motion in Two & Three Dimensions Q. The position of a particle moving in the xy  plane at any
Motion in a plane (two dimensions) can be treated as two
separate simultaneous one-dimensional motions along two
  
time t is given by x  3t 2  6t , y  t 2  2t . x and y 
perpendicular directions i.e., along x and y axes. are in m and t is in s . Find the velocity and
Motion in three dimensions can be treated as three separate acceleration of the particle at t  1 .
simultaneous one-dimensional motions along three mutually Solution:
perpendicular directions i.e., along x, y and z axes. Key Concept: Motion in a plane (two dimensions) can be
treated as two separate simultaneous one-dimensional
Case I: If acceleration is constant
motions along x and y axes.
Equations of motion along x axis
For x  direction:
vx   u x   ax t
Given, x  3t 2  6t
1
x   u x t  a x t 2 dx d
2  vx    3t 2  6t   6t  6
dt dt
vx   u x  2a x x     
2 2

dvx d
And, a x    6t  6   6 ms 2
Equations of motion along long y-axis dt dt
v y   u y   a y t At t  1 s , vx  0 and ax  6 ms 2 …(i)
1 Similarly, in y  direction
y   u y t  a y t 2
2 dy d 2
vy    t  2t   2t  2
v y   u y  2a y y                                         
2 2
dt dt
dv y d
Equations of motion along long z-axis And, a y    2t  2   2 ms 2
dt dt
vz   u z   az t
At t  1 s , v y  0 and a y  6 ms 2 …(ii)
1
z   u z t  az t 2 Hence, the net velocity at t  1 s is
2  
vz   u z  2az y                                         
2 2 v  v i  v j  0
x y

And, the net acceleration at t  1 s is

Case II: General case 
Along x axis  
a  a x i  a y j  6i  2 j  ms 2
dx
vx   , Note that acceleration is constant.
dt
dv dv
a x  x  vx x Example 2
dt dx Motion in three dimensions
Along y axis Q. In three dimensional system, the position coordinates of a 
dy particle (in motion) are given below 
v y   ,
dt x  a cos  t  
dv y dv y y  a sin t  
ay   vy
dt dy z  at  
Along z axis The speed of particle will be 
dz (a) 2a  
vz   ,
dt (b) 2a  
dv dv (c) a  
az  z  v z z
dt dz (d) 3a  

Answer: (a)
 

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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
Solution: Example 3
Given that the position coordinates of a particle  Equation of Trajectory
x  a cos t  Q. The position of a particle moving in the xy  plane at any

y  a sin t                            .....  i   
  
time t is given by x  3t 2  6t , y  t 2  2t . x and y 
z  at 
are in m and t is in s . Find the equation of trajectory.
So, the position vector of the particle is 
 Solution:
r  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ   Key Concept: Eliminate t from the expressions of x and

 r  a cos  tiˆ  a sin  tjˆ  atkˆ   y and find a relation between x and y . Obtained


 r  a cos tiˆ  sin tjˆ  tkˆ    relation is the required equation of trajectory.

Therefore, the velocity of the particle is  
Given, y  t 2  2t  …(i)
 dr And, x   3t  6t   3  t  2t 
 
2 2
d
v  a cos  tiˆ  sin tjˆ  tkˆ  
dt dt
  x  3y [using (i)]

 v   a  sin  tiˆ   cos  tjˆ   kˆ    Thus, x  3 y is the required equation of trajectory.


 v   a sin tiˆ  cos  tjˆ  kˆ    Hence, particle moves in a straight line.

The magnitude of velocity is 
Example 4
 vˆ  vx2  v 2y  vz2   Equation of Trajectory

 v  a   sin t 2   cos t 2  12 Q. A particle is moving with a velocity v  k  yiˆ  xjˆ  ,

 
where k is a constant. The general equation for its path
 v  2a.
  is
As speed is the magnitude of velocity, so the speed of the 
(a) y 2  x 2   constant (b) y  x 2   constant
particle is 2a . 
(c) y 2  x   constant (d) xy  constant
Students  can  find  the  acceleration  and  magnitude  of 
acceleration at an instant.  Solution: (a)
 
Given, v  k  yiˆ  xjˆ 

 
Trajectory and Equation of the Trajectory where x  component of velocity
Path of a particle is known as trajectory and its equation is dx
vx  ky   ky …(i)
known as equation of trajectory. dt
Equation of trajectory of particle moving in three and y  component of velocity
dimensions: dy
v y  kx   kx …(ii)
dt
Let the position of the particle at time t  t be  x, y , z  .
Now, dividing equation (i) be (ii), we get
Express x, y and z as a function of time t . Eliminate t and
dy dy / dt kx
find a relation between x, y and z . Obtained relation is the  
dx dx / dt ky
required equation of trajectory.
 ydy  xdx
Equation of trajectory of particle moving in two dimensions:
Integrating both sides, we get
Let the position of the particle at time t  t be  x, y  . Express
 ydy   xdx  
x and y as a function of time t . Eliminate t and find a
y 2 x2
relation between x and y . Obtained relation is the required    C1
2 2
equation of trajectory.
where C1 is the constant of integration.
 y 2  x 2  2C1
 y 2  x 2  constant

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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
Projectile motion y v
When a particle is thrown obliquely near the earth’s surface, u g
u sin𝜃 H
it moves along a curved path. Such a particle is called a
𝜃 x
projectile & its motion is called projectile motion. Its motion
O u cos𝜃
is an example of two dimensional motion and also an
example of uniformly acceleration motion. Using third equation of motion along y  axis, we get
Assumptions: v y 2   u y 2  2a y y   
 Neglect air
 02    u sin    2 gH    
2

 Neglect the effect due to the curvature of the earth

 Neglect the effect due to the rotation of the earth  u x  u sin  , y  H  and a y   g 
 The entire trajectory is near the surface of the earth u 2 sin 2 
H 
 For all points of the trajectory, the acceleration due to 2g
gravity g is constant in magnitude  9.8 ms  and
2
Time of Flight
direction (toward the earth). Time taken be projectile to reach the ground is known as time
of flight. Clearly, displacement along y  axis is zero for this
Projectile projected from a horizontal surface duration.
Let us consider a projectile projected with speed u at angle  Using second equation of motion along y  axis, we get
with the horizontal from origin O. 1
y   u y t  a y t 2
2
y v 1 2
u g  0  u sin   T  gT      y  0, t  T , u y  u sin   and a y   g 
2
u sin𝜃 H
 1 
𝜃 x   u sin   gT  T  0        
 2 
O u cos𝜃
R 2u sin 
 T  0 or, T      
g
Important points to note about projectile motion 2u sin 
 x  component of projection velocity: u x  u cos  Neglecting T  0,  we get, T 
g
 y  component of projection velocity: u y  u sin 
Horizontal Range
 Acceleration of the projectile =  g j
2u sin 
 y  component of acceleration: a y   g We have x = R, ax  0 , and t = T  .
g
 Acceleration in x direction: ax  0 Using second equation of motion along x  axis, we get
 x  component of velocity, u x  u cos  is always 1
x   u x t  ax t 2
2
constant (because ax  0 ); i.e., horizontal component
 R  u cos   T      
of velocity vx does not change with time.
 2u sin   u  2sin  cos  
2

 At maximum height H, velocity is parallel to x  axis  R  u cos   =

 g  g
(because velocity is tangential to path). Therefore, y 
u 2 sin 2
component of velocity at maximum height, v y  0.  R =     sin 2  2sin  cos    
g

Maximum height
At maximum height H, velocity is parallel to x  axis (because Condition for maximum range
velocity is tangential to path). Therefore, y  component of u 2 sin 2
We know that R 
velocity at maximum height, v y  0. g
Clearly range will be maximum when

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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
sin 2  1  2  90    450 0
 x 
 y  x tan  1  2 
Therefore, Rmax 
u2   u sin 2  / g 
 
g
 x
Therefore, a projectile will have maximum range when it is  y  x tan  1        
 R 
projected at angle of 45° to the horizontal and maximum
u2 To prove time of ascent = time of descent
range will be Rmax 
g For upward motion upto maximum height:
To prove that there are two angles of projection for same Let the time of ascent be t1 . We have,
range
u y  u sin  , a y   g , v y  0
u 2 sin 2
We know that R  Now we have,
g
v y   u y   a y t
Also from Trigonometry,
 0  u sin   gt1
sin 2  sin 1800  2 
u sin 
 t1 
 sin 2  sin 2  900   
             ...(i)   
g
Therefore there are two angles  and 90   for same Clearly, time of ascent t1 is equal to half of time of flight T .
range. Hence, time of ascent = time of descent

Equation of trajectory Important points about a Projectile projected from a

Let the position of the particle at time t  t be  x, y  . horizontal surface
Using second equation of motion along x  axis, we get Suppose a projectile is projected with speed u at an angle 
1 with the horizontal. Clearly,
x   u x t  a x t 2
2 u x  u cos  , u y  u sin  ,  ax  0, a y   g
 x  u cos   t         u x  u cos   and ax  0   
u  u cos  iˆ  u sin  ˆj ,   a   gjˆ
x
t              ...(i) y
u cos 
Using second equation of motion along y  axis, we get u
u sin𝜃 g
1 x
y   u y t  a y t 2 𝜃
2 O u cos𝜃
1
 y  u sin   t  gt 2         u y  u sin   and a y   g 
2 Keep these points in mind:
 x  1  x 
2
1. Projectile motion is an example of motion in a plane.
 y  u sin     g          using (i)    2. Acceleration of a projectile motion is uniform. Its
 u cos   2  u cos  
1 gx 2 magnitude is ‘g’ and always directed downwards.
 y  x tan                                ...(ii) Therefore, we can apply
2 u 2 cos 2 
     1
v  u  at , s  ut  at 2 etc.
Alternate form of equation of trajectory: 2
3. Important formula
1 gx 2
 y  x tan          Equation of trajectory:
2 u 2 cos 2 
gx 2  x
 gx  y  x tan    x tan   1    
 y  x tan  1  2  2u cos 
2 2
 R
 2u cos  tan  
2
2
u 2 sin 2  u y
 gx  Maximum height: H  
 y  x tan  1  2  2g 2g
 u sin 2 
u 2 sin 2 2u x u y
Horizontal Range: R  
g g

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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
2u sin  2u y 7. Horizontal component of projectile is always constant as
Time of Flight: T  
g g x  component of acceleration, ax  0
Equation of trajectory: Therefore, vx  constant
1 gx 2  x a) As, u x  u cos 
y  x tan     or y  x tan  1     
2 u cos 
2 2
 R vx  u x  u cos 
4. Maximum possible range
b) Velocity at highest point is horizontal and its
u2 magnitude is v  u x  u cos  .
Rmax  at   45
g y  component of velocity at highest point is zero.
Rmax uy  0
Maximum height in this case is given by H 
4 Please note velocity is not zero at highest position,
  only its y  component is zero.
2
u sin 45 1u  1
2 O 2

 H      Rmax 
 2g 4 g  4  v  u cos 
5. There are two angles  and 90   for same the range u
and same projection speed. 
Two angles are complementary to each other.
6. Speed is same at same horizontal level and velocity c) Velocity at a point where velocity vector makes an
vectors makes equal angle  with horizontal at same angle with  horizontal:
height. v

v M  N

u
M  N v
 
u
h h v
O  P As horizontal component of projectile is always
 constant, we have
x1 x1 u vx  u x
 v cos   u cos 
 
Note: v M  v N  v
  8. Average velocity in a time interval when projectile is at
vO  vQ  u the same horizontal level = u cos 
As horizontal component of projectile is always constant
Velocity vector makes same angle with horizontal at
u cos  , therefore average horizontal velocity between
same height.
the instants the projectile is at the same horizontal level.
Initial velocity
 
vO  u  u cos  iˆ  u sin  ˆj 9. tan   tan   tan 
Velocity just before hitting the ground is u

vQ  u cos  iˆ  u sin  ˆj y
  
Time taken by projectile to reach from O to M is same as
x R–x
that of to reach from N to Q.
If time taken by the projectile to reach from O to M is t1 , Proof:
then time taken to reach from O to N is T  t1 , were T is y y
tan   , tan  
x Rx
the time of flight.
y y yR
If the coordinates of point M are  x1 , h  then the  tan   tan    
x R  x x  R  x
…(i)

coordinates of N are  R  x1 , h  . Equation of trajectory is

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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
 x yR (c) Find angle for which horizontal range is same for same
y  x tan  1    tan   …(ii) projection speed.
 R x  R  x
Using (i) & (ii) we get Solution:
tan   tan   tan  Range is same for complementary angles.
 Required angle  900    300.
Example 5
(d) Find the velocity of the particle just before hitting the
Projectile projected from a horizontal surface
ground.
Q. A projectile is projected with speed u  20 ms 1 from Solution:
origin O at an angle   60 with x  axis (horizontal). Magnitude of velocity (i.e., speed) will be same just
Mass of the projectile is m  1 kg . Take g  10 ms 2 . before hitting the ground & velocity vector will make
v same angle with horizontal.
y
 Required velocity
P  Q 
u
 
v  ux iˆ  u y ˆj  10iˆ  10 3 ˆj  m s 1
v 1
x Clearly, speed is 20 m s .

O (e) Find the position vector and velocity vector of the
(a) Find time of flight T , the maximum height H and range particle at t = 1s.
R. Solution:
Solution: Position vector at t  1 s
Given u  20 m s 1 ,   600   1
r  ut  at 2
 u x  u cos   20 cos 60  10 m s 0 1 2
(as initial position vector is zero)
u y  u sin   20sin 600  10 3 m s 1
ax  0 and a y   g  10 m s 2

 1

 r  10iˆ  10 3 ˆj  1  10 ˆj 12
2
 

 

 u  10iˆ  10 3 ˆj  m s 1 & a  10 m s 2  ˆj


 r  10iˆ  12.3 ˆj  m. 
Time of flight Velocity vector at t  1 s

T
2u sin  2u y 2  10 3
   2 3 s  3.46 s.
 
  
v  u  at  10iˆ  10 3 ˆj  10 ˆj  1 
g g 10 
 
 v  10iˆ  7.3 ˆj  m s 1 .
Maximum height
(f) Find the equation of trajectory.
10 3 
2

u sin 
2 2
u y2
H    15 m. Solution:
2g 2g 2  10 Equation of trajectory is given by
Horizontal range  x  x 
y  x tan   1    x tan 600 1  
2u x u y
2  10  10 3  R   20 3 
R   20 3  34.64 m.
g 10 x2
(b) Find time to reach the maximum height and speed at the  y  3x              ...  i 
20
maximum height.
(g) Find the time when x  coordinate of the particle is
Solution: 20 m . Also find y  coordinate, position vector and
Time to reach the maximum height speed of the particle at this instant.
T
= time to ascent   1.23 s. Solution:
2 Given x  20 m
Speed at maximum height Using speed equation of motion along x  axis, we get
 u cos   ux  10 m s 1 . 1
x  u x t  ax t 2  20  10t  0
2
 t  2 s.

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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
Hence, required time is 2 s. (j) Find the heights of point P and Q.
Now using second equation of motion along y  axis, we Solution:
get Point P & Q must be at same height.
1 1 For point P :
y  u y t  a y t 2  10 3  2   10  2   34.64  20
2

2 2 Along y  axis
 y  14.64 m 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
Hence, y  coordinate is 14.64 m. y  u y  a y t 2  10 3    10    
2 3 2  3 
Position vector at this instant is
20 40


r  xiˆ  yjˆ  20iˆ  14.64 ˆj  m   y  20 
3

3
 m  13.3 m.

Velocity at this instant  Heights of P & Q  13.3 m.

  
 
v  u  at  10iˆ  10 3 ˆj   10 j   2 (k) Find x  coordinates of points P and Q.


 v  10iˆ  22.68 ˆj  m s 1  Solution:
x  coordinate of point P
Note: x  component of velocity always constant & equal
 1
to 10 m s 1 . You can calculate v y & use v  u x iˆ  v y ˆj . xP  u x t  ax t 2  10  1.16  0  11.6 m
2
 Speed at this instant As point P & Q are at same height, so x  coordinate of

v  10 2   22.68   24.8 m s 1 .
2
point Q
xQ  R  xP  34.64  11.6  34.64  11.6  23.04 m.
(h) Find the speed at points P and Q where velocity vector
(l) Find the average velocity between points P and Q.
makes an angle of magnitude   30 with horizontal.
Solution:
Solution:
As point P & Q are on the same horizontal lured, so
Horizontal component of velocity remains constant.
Let speed at points P & Q be v. averge velocity between point P & Q is
ux v  u x  10 m s 1
 vx  u x  v cos   u x  v 
cos 
(m) Find the initial kinetic energy, kinetic energy at the
10 20 3 highest position and kinetic energy just before hitting the
v   m s 1
3 2 3 ground.
 v  11.55 m s 1 Solution:
Kinetic energy of a particle in given by
(i) Find the time to reach point P and Q. 1 2
K mv
Solution: 2
At point P  Initial KE  KE just before hitting the ground
20 3 10 3 1 1
v y  v sin    sin 300   m s 1  mu 2   1 202  200 J.
3 3 2 2
 Using equation of motion along y  axis, we get 1 1
& KE at highest point  mu x2   1 10 2  50 J.
2 2
vy  u y  ayt
(n) initial linear momentum, linear momentum at the
10 3 highest position and linear momentum just before hitting
  10 3  10t the ground.
3
20 3 2 3 Solution:
 10t  t  Linear momentum is given by
3 3  
 t  1.16 s. p  mv .
Hence, time to reach point P is 1.16 s & time to reach  Initial linear momentum

Q is T  t  3.46  1.16  2.3 s.

   
p1  mu  1 10iˆ  10 3 ˆj  10iˆ  10 3 ˆj  kg m s 1

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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
Linear momentum at the highest position Maximum height is reached when boy throws vertically

p2  mux iˆ  110iˆ  10iˆ  kg m s 1 upward   90 
Linear momentum just before hitting the ground u2
 H max  ...(ii)

   
p3  mv  m u x iˆ  u y ˆj  10iˆ  10 3 ˆj  kg m s 1 2g
From (i) & (ii),
(o) Find the magnitude of change in linear momentum and
R
change in magnitude of linear momentum between t = 0 H max 
and just before t = T. 2
Hence correct option is (a).
Solution:
Change in linear momentum between t  0 & t  T is Example 8
  
 p  p 3  p1  20 3 ˆj  kg m s 1 Kinetic Energy at Maximum Height
 Magnitude of change in linear momentum between Q. A projectile is projected with kinetic energy K . If it has
t  0 & t  T is the maximum possible horizontal range, then its kinetic
 energy at the highest point will be
 P  20 3 j  kg m s 1
(a) 0.05K (b) 0.5K (c) 0.75K (d) zero
Now, magnitude of linear momentum at t  0 & t  T is
  Solution: (b)
p1  p3  mu  20 kg m s 1 . Let the projection speed and mass of the projectile be u
 Change in magnitude of linear momentum between and m respectively.
t  0 & t  T is Initial kinetic energy is given by
  1
p3  p1  0. K mu 2 …(i)
2
For maximum range,   45 .
Example 6
Now horizontal component of velocity
Relation between Time of Fight and Maximum Height
u
Q. If T be the total time of flight of a projectile and H be u x  u cos 45  .
2
the maximum height attained by it from the point of
projection, then find H / T . ( u = projection velocity and At the highest point, the net velocity v of projectile is
 = projection angle) equal to horizontal component of velocity.
Solution: u
 v  ux 
2u sin  2
Time of flight, T 
g Hence, kinetic energy K1 at the highest position is
u sin 
2 2
1 2 1  u  11
2
Maximum height attained, H  2 
2g K1  mv  m     mu 
2 2  2 22 
H u sin 
Therefore,  1
T 4  K1  K [using (i)]
2
Example 7  K1  0.5K
Maximum Range and Maximum Possible Height
Hence correct option is (b).
Q. If a boy can throw a ball at maximum distance = R over
a ground, the maximum vertical height to which he can Example 9
throw it, will be (ball have same initial speed in each Range and Maximum Heights
case)
Q. A stone projected with a velocity u at an angle  with
(a) R / 2 (b) R (c) 2R (d) R / 4
the horizontal reaches a maximum height H1 . When it is
Solution: (a)
 
u2 projected with velocity u at an angle     with the
Maximum range, Rmax  R ...(i) 2 
g horizontal, it reaches maximum height H 2 . The relation
u 2 sin 2 
Maximum Height of a projectile, H 
2g

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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
between the horizontal range R of the projectile, H1 4u 2 sin  cos  2  u  2sin  cos   
2

t1t2    
and H 2 is g2 g  g 
(a) R  4 H 1 H 2 (b) R  4 (H 1  H 2 ) 2  u 2 sin 2  2
 t1t2    R
H1
2 g g  g
(c) R  4 (H 1  H 2 ) (d) R  2
H2 Hence, t1t2  R .
Solution: (a) Correct option is (a)
As the angles are complementary, so the range R is
Example 11
u 2 sin 2
same in both cases. Range is given by R  . Velocities in Projectile Motion
2g
Q. The velocity of a stone projected 2 s before it reaches
u 2 sin 2 
Now, maximum height in first case is H1  the maximum height, makes an angle of 530 with the
2g
horizontal. The velocity at highest point will be
And, maximum height in second case is
Solution:
u 2 sin 2 (90   ) u 2 cos 2  Given,   53 and let us assume that speed is u at time
H2  
2g 2g 2 s before it reaches the maximum height.
 4sin  cos   
2
y  component of velocity at maximum height is zero.
1 u
2
u 2 sin 2  u 2 cos 2 
 H1 H 2     
2g 2g 16  g  v  ux

1  u 2 sin 2  1 2
2
u
 H1 H 2  uy
   R
16  g  16
𝜃 ux
 R  4 H1 H 2

Example 10 Using first equation of motion along y  axis, we get

Range and Time of Flights
v y  u y  gt
Q. A projectile can have the same range R for two angles
 0  u y  10  2
of projections. If t1 and t2 be the times of flight in two
cases, then the product of times of flight t1t2 is directly  u y  20 m s 1
proportional to  u y  15 m s 1
2 2
(a) R (b) R (c) 1 R (d) 1 R uy 20
tan    tan 53 
Solution: (a) ux ux
Range is same if angles are complementary. Let the angle 4 20  4
of projections be  and 90   . Also          tan 53  
5 ux  5
u 2 sin 2
Range is given by R  .  u x  15 m s 1
2g
st
Velocity at highest point is horizontal and its magnitude
Time of flight for 1 projectile is
is u x  u cos  . Hence, the required velocity at the
2u sin 
t1  maximum height is u x  15 m s 1 .
g
nd
Time of flight for 2 projectile is
Example 12
2u sin  90º   2u cos  Change in Linear Momentum in Projectile Motion
t2  
g g
Q. A projectile is projected with linear momentum p
∴ the product of times of flight making angle  with the horizontal. The change in
momentum of the projectile on returning to the ground
will be
(a) 2 p (b) 2 p cos  (c) 2 p sin  (d) 2 p tan 

Solution: (c)

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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
Let the projection speed and mass of the projectile be u  5x 
 y  2 x 1   [using (i) and (ii)]
and m respectively.  2 
p  mu …(i)
 y  2x  5x2
Initial velocity
Note:  A  student  can  write  equations  along  x  and  y  axis 

u  u cos  iˆ  u sin  ˆj and then find out the equation of trajectory.  

Velocity just before hitting the ground is Example 14

 Equation of trajectory
v  u cos  iˆ  u sin  ˆj
Q. The equation of trajectory of a projectile is given by
Therefore, change in linear momentum is given by
y  ax – bx 2 , where a and b are positive constants.
    
 
 p  mv  mu  m v  u  2mu sin  ˆj Find angle of projection with horizontal, range and
 projection speed. x  axis is along horizontal.
  p  2 p sin  ˆj [using (i)] Solution:

  p  2 p sin  Given that
y  ax – bx 2
Hence correct option is (c).
 x 
 y  ax  1   ....(i)
Example 13  a/b
Equation of trajectory
The above equation is similar to the equation of
Q. A projectile is given an initial velocity of   i  2 j   m s 1 ,   trajectory of a projectile
where  i  is along the ground and  j  is along the  vertical.   x
y  x tan   1   ....(ii)
 R 
If  g  10 m s 2 ,  the equation of its trajectory is  
Comparing (i) & (ii) we get
(a) y  x  5 x 2   tan   a    tan 1 a …(iii)
2
(b) y  2 x  5 x   Hence, the angle of projection is   tan 1 a
(c) 4 y  2 x  5 x 2   And, R 
a
…(iv)
b
(d) 4 y  2 x  25 x 2  
a
Answer: (b) Thus the range is R  .
Solution: b

As,  initial  velocity  u   i  2 j   m s 1 so,  the  x   and  y u 2 sin 2
  Now,  R 
g
components on initial velocity are 
u x  1 m s 1 and u y  2 m s 1 u 2 sin 2 a
       
g b
Hence, projection speed is  
ga ga 1  tan 2  
u  u  u  5 m s  
2 2 1
u  2

b sin 2 2b tan 
x y

And projection angle    is given by  2 tan  


uy  sin 2  1  tan 2  
tan    2         …(i)   
ux
ga 1  a 2 
Range is given by  u  2

2ba
2u x u y 2  1 2 2
R   m          …(ii)  g 1  a 2 
g 10 5 u  [using (iii)]
2a
Hence, the equation of trajectory of a projectile is
 x g 1  a 2 
y  x tan   1   So, the projection speed is u 
 R 2a

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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS
Example 15
Graphs in Projectile Motion
Q. A stone is projected at an angle 45 with horizontal,
above horizontal x  axis (and y  axis is vertical
upward). Plot the graphs representing the (a) magnitude
of horizontal component of velocity  vx  with respect to
time t and (b) the magnitude of vertical component of
velocity  v y  of stone with respect to time t .
Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
Example 16
Graphs in Projectile Motion
Q. A particle is projected from the horizontal x  z plane, in
vertical x  y plane, where x  axis is horizontal and
positive y  axis is vertically upwards. The graph of y
coordinate of the particle versus time is as shown. The
range of the particle is 3. Then, find the projection
speed of the projected particle.

y
y
g

600
45 0 t
x

Solution: Solution:
(a) Magnitude of horizontal component of velocity vx dy
From graph, u y   initial slope of tangent = tan 600
remains constant. Hence, vx vs. t graph is a straight line dt
parallel to t  axis.  u y  tan 600  3 m s 1 .
Range of the projectile is given by
vx
2u x u y 2  ux  3
R  3  u x  5 m s 1
t g 10
Hence, initial speed is given by
(b) The vertical component of velocity v y is given by
 u  u x2  u y2  28 m s 1 .
v y   u y   a y t
 v y  u sin   gt
Example 17
u Use of tan   tan   tan 
 vy   gt   
2
Hence, v y vs. t graph is a straight line with neagative Q. A ball is projected at an angle of 45, so as to cross a wall
at a distance a from the point of projection. It falls at a
slope (Fig (a)). distance b on the
other side of the
vy vy wall. If h is the h
1 2
height of the
u 2 u 2 wall then a b
T2 T (a) h  a 2
t T2 T t
u 2 2ab ab
(b) h  b 2 (c) h  (d) h 
a + b a + b
Fig (a) Fig (b) Solution: (d)
Clearly, magnitude of v y decreases linearly with time to We know that tan   tan   tan 

 T  tan 45  tan 1  tan  2

zero at maximum height  at t   and then it
h h ab ab
 2
 1   h
increases. v y vs. t graph is shown in Fig. (b). a b ab ab
Hence correct option is (d)

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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
Projectile projected horizontally from a height H 2H
Time of Flight: T 
Let us consider a projectile projected with initial velocity u g
horizontally from a height H . We have taken x  axis along For the time of flight, we should use y  H and t  T ,
horizontal and positive y  axis along vertically downward because displacement along y  axis for complete motion is
H . Now, using second equation of motion along y  axis
direction for sake of convenience.
1
u y   u y t  a y t 2
O 2
1 2
 x, y 
x  H  gT      y  H , t  T , u y  0 and a y  g 
t t vx 2

2H
T              
H v g
vy
2H
Horizontal Range: R  uT  u
g
R
2H
We have x  R , u x  u , ax  0 , and t  T 
y g
Now, using second equation of motion along x  axis
We have 1
x   ux t  ax t 2
x  component of initial velocity: u x  u 2
 R  u  T      
y  component of initial velocity: u y  0
 2H
Acceleration a  g j Ru
g
x  component of acceleration: ax  0   Speed at time t  t :
y  component of acceleration: a y  g   
Along x  axis
vx   u x  ax t
gx 2
Equation of trajectory: y     vx   u                 ...(i)
2u 2
Let position at time t  t be  x, y  . Note that x  component of velocity remains constant.
Along x  axis Now, along y  axis
1 v y   u y  a y t
x   u x t  a x t 2
2  v y   gt                 ...(ii)
 x  ut         u x  u  and ax  0  Speed at time t  t is
x
 t              ...(1) v  vx 2  v y 2  u 2  g 2 t 2
u
Along y  axis Angle  made by velocity vector with x  axis at time t  t
1 is
y   u y t  a y t 2
2 v y gt
1 2 tan   
 y  gt         u y  0 and a y  g  vx u
2
2
1 x  x 
y g              t   from (i)     Example 18
2 u   u  Projectile projected horizontally from a height
2
gx
 y  2                              ...(ii) Q. A projectile is projected horizontally with velocity
2u
u  10 m s 1 from height H  80 m above the ground at
2
gx t  0. Find
Thus equation of trajectory is y  .
2u 2 (i) equation of trajectory.
Hence, trajectory is a parabola. (ii) time of flight & horizontal range.
(iii) position vector & velocity at t  2 s.

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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
(iv) angle made by velocity vector with horizontal at x2
y
t  2 s. 20
(v) time when y  coordinate of particle is 45 m. Also x2
find position vector at this instant.
5  y  5 m 
20
(vi) position when y  coordinate is 5 m.  x 2  100
Solution:  x  10 m.
(i) Equation of trajectory is given by x  10 m is not possible.
gx 2 10 x 2  Position vector
y
2u 2
 y 
2  102
 g  10 m s 
2

 
r  xiˆ  yjˆ  10iˆ  5 ˆj  m.
2
x       
y          ...  i 
20 Example 19
Time of flight is given by Bomber Plane
Q. At the height 80 m , an aeroplane is moving horizontally
2H 2  80
T   4 s. with 150 ms 1 . A bomb is dropped from it so as to hit a
g 10 target. At what distance from the target should the bomb
Range is given by be dropped (take g  10 ms 2 ).
R  uT  10  4  40 m. (a) 605.3 m (b) 600 m
(c) 80 m (d) 230 m
(ii) At t  2 s
Solution:
Position vector
Let the bomb is dropped from the plane at point A and the
  1
r  ut  at 2 target be point C.
2
A u
1

    
 r  10iˆ  2  10 ˆj  2 2  20iˆ  20 ˆj  m.
2

Velocity H
  
 
v  u  at  10iˆ  10 ˆj  2  10iˆ  20 ˆj  m s 1
B C
R
(iii) Angle  made by velocity vector with horizontal at
t  2 s Due to inertia of motion, initial velocity u of the bomb is
vy equal to the velocity of the plane, i.e. u  150 m s 1 .
20
tan    The horizontal distance (range) covered by bomb,
vx 10
   tan 1  2  . 2H 2  80
R  u  150  660 m
g 10
(iv) Along y  axis
 The distance of target from dropping point of bomb,
1
y  uyt  ayt 2 AC  AB 2  BC 2  (80) 2  (600) 2  605.3m
2
1 Hence correct option is (a)
 45  0   10  t 2  t 2  9
2
 t  3 s. Example 20
Bomber Plane
Along x  axis
1 Q. A bomber plane moves horizontally with a speed of 500
x  u x t  ax t 2  10  3  0  30 m. m/s and a bomb released from it, strikes the ground in 10
2
sec. Angle at which it strikes the ground will be
 Position vector
( g  10 m / s 2 )

 
r  xiˆ  yjˆ  30iˆ  45 ˆj  m.
1 1
(a) tan 1   (b) tan  
(v) Using equation & trajectory 5 5

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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
1
(c) tan (1) 1
(d) tan (5) Projectile Motion in Inclined Plane
Solution: (a) I. Projectile projected up the plane
Due to inertia of motion, initial velocity u of the bomb is
Let a particle be projected up with a speed u from an
equal to the velocity of the plane, i.e. u  500 m s 1 .
inclined plane which makes an angle  with the
As the horizontal component u = 500 m/s horizontal and velocity of projection makes an angle 
of velocity remains constant, with the inclined plane.
so We have taken reference x  axis in the direction of the plane
vx
vx= 500 m/s  and y  axis in a direction perpendicular to the plane.
vy
y
Vertical components of velocity while striking the ground. g sin 
u x
v y  u y  a y t  0  10  10  100 m / s
g cos 
 Angle with which it strikes the ground. t T g

v y 100 1 
tan     O
vx 500 5 t0
1
   tan 1   Clearly components of initial velocity u and acceleration g
5
Hence correct option is (a) are,
u x  u cos  , u y  u sin 
Example 21
ax   g sin  , a y   g cos  .
Ball rolling off a horizontal surface
Q. A ball rolls off top of a stair way with a horizontal velocity Time of flight
u. If the height and width of the steps are h and b
Displacement along y  axis, y  0
respectively, the ball just hits the edge of nth step. Find
n. Using second equation of motion along y  , we get
Solution: 1
y  u y t  ay t 2
Situation is as shown in the figure. 2
1
 0  u sin  t  g cos  t 2
h 2
b 2u sin 
 t  0, .
g cos 
H
Neglecting t  0 , we get
nth step 2u sin 
T
g cos 
R

If the ball hits the nth step, the horizontal Remembering trick:
and vertical distances traversed are nb and nh We know for projectile motion in horizontal plane
respectively. Thus, horizontal range is R = nb and vertical
2u sin  2u y
height is H = nb. T  .
g ay
2H
R  u
g  Time of flight on an inclined plane
2nh 2nh 2u y 2u sin 
 nb  u  n2 b2  u 2 T 
g g ay g cos 
2u 2 h
n
gb 2

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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
Range Time of flight
Along x  axis 2u y 2u sin 
Time of flight on an inclined plane T  
1 ay g cos 
x  u x T  axT 2
2 Range
1
 R  u cos  T  g sin  T 2 Along x axis
2
2 1
 2u sin   1  2u sin   x  u x T  axT 2
 R  u cos     g sin    2
 g cos   2  g cos  
2u 2 sin  cos(   )
2u sin  cos(   )
2 By solving R 
By solving R  g cos 2 
g cos 2 
Greatest distance from the inclined plane
Greatest distance from the inclined plane
When half of the time is elapsed y  coordinate is maximum.
When half of the time is elapsed y  coordinate is maximum.
 Maximum perpendicular distance of the projectile from
We know for projectile motion in horizontal plane the inclined plane
u 2 sin 2  u 2y
H  u y2 u 2 sin 2 
2g 2 ay H 
2 ay 2 g cos 
 Maximum perpendicular distance of the projectile from
Note:
the inclined plane
(i) The maximum range along the inclined plane when the
u y2 u 2 sin 2  projectile is thrown upwards is given by
H 
2 ay 2 g cos  u2
R max 
g (1  sin  )
II. Projectile projected down the plane  
   for maximum range.
4 2
Let a particle be projected up with a speed u from an
inclined plane which makes an angle  with the (ii) The maximum range along the inclined plane when the
horizontal and velocity of projection makes an angle  projectile is thrown downwards is given by
with the inclined plane. u2
R max 
g (1  sin  )
We have taken reference x  axis in the direction of the plane
and y  axis in a direction perpendicular to the plane.  
 
for maximum range.
Clearly components of initial velocity u and acceleration a, 4 2
(iii) For a given speed, the direction which gives the
u x  u cos  , u y  u sin 
maximum range of the projectile on an incline, bisects
ax  g sin  , a y   g cos  . the angle between the incline and the vertical, for
upward or downward projection.
y
Example 22
Projectile projected up the plane
u g sin  Q. Find  time  of  flight  and  range  of  the  projectile  along  the 
O g cos  inclined plane as shown in figure.  ( g  10 m / s 2 )  

t0 g
u  10 2 m s1
x 
t T
60
30

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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
Solution: Taking  the  components  of  this  vector  into  consideration, 
we get 
Given, u  10 2 m s1 and     30
x  at  and  y  bt 2  
So, time of flight is
1 x
2  10 2  We  get  t      and  putting  it  in  y  bt 2 ,  we  get 
2u sin  2  2 2  2 6  s a
T 
g cos  3 3 3 2
10   x
2 y  b    which is the required trajectory. 
a
And range is Example 25

  1 1 Q. A  particle  is  projected  from  a  point   0,1   on  y  axis 

2
2  10 2  
2u sin  cos(   )
2
2 2  40  m
R  (assume  Y  direction vertically upwards) aiming towards 
g cos 2   3
2
3
10    a  point   4,9  .   It  fell  on  the  ground  along  x  axis  in 
 2 
1 sec.   Taking  g  10 m s 2   and  all  coordinate  in  metres, 
Example 23
find the  x  coordinate where it fell. 
Projectile projected down the plane
Q. Find  time  of  flight  and  range  of  the  projectile  along   4,9
the inclined plane as shown in figure.  ( g  10 m / s 2 )  
B

u  10 m s1 u
 0,1 A 
30
x C
30  
Solution:
From the above figure, 
Solution: perpendicular
tan     
Given, u  10 m s1 and     30 base
So, time of flight is 9 1
tan    2   
1 40
2  10 2 
2u sin  2  2 2  2 6  s
T  2 1
g cos  3 3 3 So,  sin    and  cos  
 . 
10  5 5
2
For the motion from A to C: 
And range is Using  the  second equation  of  motion  in  y  direction,  we 

  1 get 
2
2  10 2  1
2u 2 sin  cos(   ) 2  80  m 1 1
R  s y  u y t  a y t 2    1  u sin  1  g 1   
2
g cos 2   3
2
3 2 2
10   
 2   2   2 
 u sin   4    u    4             sin      
 5  5
Some More Solved Examples:
 u  2 5  m s 1   
Example 24
Now, using the second equation of motion in  x  direction, 
Q. A  radius  vector  of  point  A   relative  to  the  origin  varies  we get 

with  time  t   as  r  atiˆ  bt 2 ˆj ,   where  a   and  b   are  sx  u x t                                ax  0    
constants. Find the equation of the point's trajectory. 
Solution:   x  u cos  1  2 5 
5
 2 m.  1
  
 Given:  r  atiˆ  bt 2 ˆj ,    Required  x  coordinate is  2 m . 

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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
0
PHYSICS DPP 1 8. A particle is projected at an angle of 45 with a velocity of
9.8 m/s. The horizontal range will be
Projectile Motion – Objective Type – Level I (a) 9.8 m (b) 4.9 m (c) 9.8 / 2 (d) 9.8 2
1. A projectile fired with initial velocity u at some angle θ 9. A football player throws a ball with a velocity of 50 m/s
has a range R. If the initial velocity is doubled at the same 0
at an angle of 30 from the horizontal. The ball remain in
angle of projection, then the range will be 2
the air for ( g = 10 m/s )
(a) R/2 (b) R (c) 2R (d) 4 R (a) 2.5 s (b) 1.25 s (c) 5 s (d) 0.625 s
2. If the initial velocity of a projection be doubled, keeping 10. The time of flight of a projectile is 10 s and its range is
the angle of projection same, the maximum height 500 m. The maximum height attained will be
reached by it will (a) 125 m (b) 50 m (c) 100 m (d) 150 m
(a) remain the same (b) be halved (c) be doubled (d) 11. The maximum range of a projectile is 100 m. The
become four times maximum height reached by it is
3. Which one is the largest when the height attained by the (a) 100 m (b) 25 m (c) 200 m (d) 75 m
projectile is the greatest? 12. A plane is flying horizontally at 98 m/s and releases an
(a) range (b) time of flight (c) angle of projectile with object which reaches the ground in 10 sec. The angle
the vertical (d) none of the above made by it while hitting the ground is
4. Three particles A, B and C are projected from the same 0 0 0
(a) 55 (b) 45 (c) 60 (d) 75
0
0 0
point with same initial speed making angles 30 , 45 and 13.
0
A particle is projected at 60 to the horizontal with an
0
60 respectively with the horizontal. Which of the energy E. The kinetic energy and potential energy at the
following statements is correct? highest point are
(a) A, B and C have unequal ranges E E  3E E   E 3E 
(b) ranges of A and C are equal and less than that of B (a) , (b)  ,  (C)  E, O  (d)  , 
2 2  4 4 4 4 
(c) ranges of A and C are equal and greater than that of 0
14. A bullet is fired with a velocity u making an angle of 60
B
with the horizontal plane. The horizontal component of
(d) A, B and C have equal ranges.
the velocity of bullet when it reaches the maximum
5. A particle (A) is dropped from a height and another
height is
particle (B) is projected in horizontal direction with speed
3 u
5m/s from the same height, then correct statement is (a) u (b) 0 (c) u (d)
2 2
(a) particle (A) will reach at ground first with respect to 0
15. A particle is projected at 60 to the horizontal with a
particle (B)
kinetic energy K. The kinetic energy at the highest point
(b) particle (B) will reach at ground first with respect to
is
particle (A)
(a) K (b) zero (c) K/4 (d) K/2
(c) both particles will reach at ground simultaneously
16. A body is thrown upwards from the earth surface with
(d) both particles will reach at ground with same speed. -1
velocity 5 m s and from a planet surface with velocity 3
6. Two bullets are fired simultaneously, horizontally and -1
m s . Both follow the same path. What is the projectile
with different speeds from the same place. Which bullet
acceleration due to gravity on the planet ? Acceleration
will hit the ground first? -2
due to gravity on earth is 10 m s .
(a) the faster one -2 -2 -2 -2
(a) 2 m s (b) 3.6 m s (c) 4 m s (d) 5 m s
(b) depends on their masses 0
17. Maximum height of a bullet when fired at 30 with
(c) the slower one 0
(d) both will reach simultaneously horizontal is 11 m. Then height when it is fired at 60 is
7. A ball is thrown up at angle with the horizontal. Then the (a) 6 m (b) 7.8 m (c) 22 m (d) 33 m
total change of momentum by the instant, it returns to 18. A body is projected with a speed u m/s at an angle β with
the ground is the horizontal. The kinetic energy at the highest point is
(a) acceleration due to gravity × total time of flight 3
(b) weight of the ball × half time of flight th of the initial kinetic energy. The value of β is
4
(c) weight of the ball × total time of flight 0 0 0
(a) 30 (b) 45 (c) 60 (d) 120
0

(d) weight of the ball × horizontal range

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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
19. A ball is projected horizontally with a velocity of 5m/s 27. A particle is projected from a horizontal plane with speed
from the top of a building 19.6 m high. How long will the u at some angle. At highest point its velocity is found to
ball take to hit the ground? u
be . The maximum height of the projectile will be
(a) 2s (b) 2 s (c) 3s (d) 3 s 2
20. A particle is thrown with a speed u at an angle θ with the u2 3u 2 3u 2 u2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
horizontal. When the particle makes an angle  with the 4g 4g 8g 8g
horizontal, its speed changes to v then
(a) v  u cos  (b) v  u cos  .cos 
28. A ball is thrown with an initial velocity  ai  b j  m/s
from ground. Here we have chosen y-axis along vertical
(c) v  u cos  .sec  (d) v  u sec  cos 
and x-axis along horizontal direction. If the range of
21. If a projectile having horizontal range of 24 acquires a
maximum height of 8, then its initial velocity and the b
projectile is half the maximum height, then is
angle of projection are a
1 1
(a) 5 g , sin 1  0.6  (b) 5 g , sin 1  0.8  (a) 1 (b) (c) 8 (d)
2 4
(c) 24 g ,sin 1  0.6  (d) 8 g ,sin 1  0.8 
22. Two stones are projected with the same speed but 29. A body is projected in the different directions with same
making different angles with the horizontal. Their speed. In both cases, body has same range. Calculate the
horizontal ranges are equal. The angle of projection of ratio of time of flight in both cases if angle of projection
one is π / 3 and the maximum height reached by it is 102 in 1st case is  ?
metre. Then the maximum height reached by the other (a) tan  (b) cos  (c) cot  (d) sin 
in metre is 30. In the above problem calculate ratio of maximum height
(a) 336 (b) 224 (c) 56 (d) 34 in both cases?
23. The horizontal range of a projectile is 4 3 times its (a) cot 2       (b)  tan 2      (c)  sin 2      (d)  cos 2   
maximum height. Its angle of projection will be 31. A body is projected with speed 20 m s 1 at an angle of
0 0 0 0
(a) 45 (b) 60 (c) 90 (d) 30 37 with horizontal. Calculate height of projectile at
24. An arrow is shot into air. Its range is 200 m and its time t  1 sec?
2
of flight is 5 sec. If g = 10 m /s , then the horizontal (a) 2 m (b) 6 m (c) 7 m (d) 8 m
component of velocity of the arrow is
32. In the above question find the speed of body at
(a) 12.5m /s (b) 25.0 m / s (c) 31 . 25 m /s (d) 40 m /s t  1 sec?
25. Two bullets are fixed simultaneously, horizontally and
(a) 240  m s 1 (b) 260  m s 1
with different speeds from the same place. Which bullet
will hit the ground first? (c) 270  m s 1 (d) 250  m s 1
(a) the faster one
(b) the slower one
(c) both will reach simultaneously Answers
(d) depends on the masses.
26. Two projectiles A and B are projected with angle of 1 d 2 d 3 b 4 b 5 c
o o
projection 15 for the projectile A and 45 for the 6 d 7 c 8 a 9 c 10 a
projectile B. If RA and RB be the horizontal range for the 11 b 12 b 13 d 14 d 15 c
two projectiles, then 16 b 17 d 18 a 19 b 20 c
(a) RA < RB 21 b 22 d 23 d 24 d 25 c
(b) RA = RB 26 d 27 c 28 c 29 a 30 b
(c) RA > RB 31 c 32 b
(d) the information is insufficient to decide the relation
of RA with RB.

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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
PHYSICS DPP 2 more sec, it is travelling horizontally, the magnitude
initial velocity is :
Projectile Motion – Objective Type – Level II
(a) 20 2  m s 1 (b) 30 3 m s 1 (c) 30 2  m s 1 (d)
1. The trajectory of a projectile near the surface of the
20 3 m s 1
earth as y  2 x  9 x 2 . 7. A body is projected from ground with initial velocity u at
If it were launched at an angle 0 with speed v0 , then angle  to horizontal. Calculate time of instant and
(Take, g  10 m s 2 ) velocity of this body, when it is perpendicular to initial
velocity.
 1  5
(a)  0  sin 1   and v0   m s
1
u u ug g
 5 3 (a) (b) (c) (d)
g sin  g cos  sin  u cos 
 2  3
(b)  0  cos 1   and v0   m s
1
8. Initial velocity of a projectile is Aiˆ  Bjˆ and its range is
 5 5
twice the maximum height. Find out the relation
1 
1  5 1
(c)  0  cos   and v0   m s between A and B ?
 5 3
2 2
(a) B  (b) A  (c) 2B  A (d) B  2 A
1 
2  3 1 A B
(d)  0  sin   and v0   m s
 5  5 9. A ball is projected with an angle  , it clears the walls of
x2 height 15 m as shown in the diagram. Calculate the time
2. Equation of trajectory of a projectile is y  3 x  .
10 3  5
of flight of ball from A to B.  tan   
Calculate horizontal range of this projectile?  12 
(a) 20 m (b) 30 m (c) 10 m (d) 40 m
3. Two guns A and B can fire bullets at speeds 1 km s 1
15 m 15 m
and 2 km s 1 , respectively. From a point on a horizontal 
ground, they are fired in all possible directions. The ratio
of maximum areas covered by the bullets on the ground
fired by the two guns is (a) 2 sec (b) 3 sec (c) 4 sec (d) 1 sec
(a) 1: 4 10. A body is projected in horizontal direction with speed
(b) 1:16 30 m s 1 from a certain height of 125 m. Calculate
(c) 1: 8 speed of this body after 4 sec?
(d) 1: 2 (a) 30 m s 1 (b) 55 m s 1 (c) 60 m s 1 (d) 50 m s 1
1
4. Initial velocity of a projectile is 10 m s and horizontal 11. A ball is thrown from a tower of height 40 m with an
range is equal to its maximum height. Calculate angle of 30 from horizontal with speed of 20 m s 1.
horizontal range of projectile? Calculate time of flight and range of ball?
20 40 60 80 (a) 20 2  m s 1 (b) 30 4  m s 1 (c) 40 2  m s 1 (d)
(a)  m (b)  m (c)  m (d)  m
17 17 17 17
40 3 m s 1
5. A body is projected from ground with speed 25 m s 1 at
12. Angle of an inclined plane is 30. A body is projected
an angle 53 to horizontal. Calculate velocity of the body
from bottom of the inclined plane of 60 with the

when it moves at an angle 37 to horizontal.
ground at speed of 20 m s 1. Find range
75 65 85
(a)  m s 1 (b)  m s 1 (c)  m s 1 (d) 16 80 40 16
4 4 4 (a)  m (b)  m (d)  m (d)  m
3 3 3 5
55
 m s 1 13. A body is thrown with speed 20 m s 1 perpendicular to
4
6. Two seconds after projection, a projectile is travelling in an inclined plane of angle 37 , find range on the inclined
a direction inclined at 30 to the horizontal, after one plane.
(a) 75 m (b) 65 m (c) 55 m (d) 70 m

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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
14. A ball is thrown from a point with a speed v0 at an angle 20. A ball is projected from point with velocity u  10 ms 1
of projection θ. From the same point and at the same perpendicular to the inclined plane as shown in figure.
instant, a person starts running with a constant speed Range of the ball on the inclined plane is
v0 40 20 12 60
to catch the ball. Will the person be able to catch the (a)  m (b)  m (c)  m (d)  m
2 3 3 3 3
ball? If yes, what should be the angle of projection?
(a) Yes, 60
0
(b) Yes, 30
0
(c) No (d) Yes, 45
0 u
15. The height y and the distance x along the horizontal
plane of a projectile on a certain planet (with no
X 30o
surrounding atmosphere) are given by
y   8t  5t 2  metre and x  6t  metre,
where t is in second.
Answer :-
The velocity of the projectile is
1. (c)
(a) 8 m/s (b) 6 m/s (c) 19 m/s (d) not obtained from
2. (b)
data
3. (b)
16. The equations of motion of a projectile are given by
4. (d)
x  36t metre and 2 y  96t  9.8t 2 metre. The angle of 5. (a)
projection is 6. (d)
4 3 4 3 7. (a)
(a) sin 1   (b) sin 1   (c) sin 1   (d) sin 1  
5 5 3 4 8. (d)
o
17. A ball is projected at angle 60 from horizontal with 9. (a)
speed 10 m/s. There is a horizontal mirror on the ground. 10. (d)
After how much time the velocity of the ball will be 11. (d)
perpendicular to the velocity of its image? 12. (b)
3 13. (a)
(a) s 14. (a)
2
15. (d)
 3 1 
(b)   s 16. (a)
 2  17. (b)
 3 1  18. (c)
(c)   s 60o
 3 1 19. (a)
1 20. (a)
(d) s
2
18. The direction of velocity of a projectile at a certain
o
instant is inclined at angle 60 with the horizontal. After 1
o
second it is inclined at an angle 30 . Find the horizontal
component of velocity of projection
g g 3 2g
(a) g (b) (c) (d)
2 2 3
19. A particle moves in the x – y plane its co-ordinates are
given as a function of time by x = R cos ωt, y = R sin ωt.
The acceleration of the particle has the magnitude
2R
(a)  2 R (b) (c)  2 x (d)  2 y
2

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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS
PHYSICS DPP 3
Subjective Questions – Level 1
1. A projectile is projected with speed u = 40m/s from origin
o hit the plane? At what minimum altitude should the pilot
O at an angle θ = 53 with x axis (horizontal). Mass of the
2 fly the plane to avoid being hit? (Take g = 10 ms ).
projectile is m = 2kg. Take g = 10 m/s .
v projectile the angle between the velocity and the x-axis
y
 Q
  voy  gt 
u   t   tan 1 
v  vox 
 x
O launched from the origin is given by
Find
(a) acceleration of the projectile.
(b) x and y components of the projection velocity and
acceleration.
(c) time of flight T, the maximum height H and range R.
(d) time to reach the maximum height and speed at the
maximum height.
(e) velocity just before hitting the ground.
(f) initial kinetic energy, kinetic energy at the highest
position and kinetic energy just before hitting the
ground.
(g) initial linear momentum, linear momentum at the
highest position and linear momentum just before
hitting the ground.
(h) magnitude of change in linear momentum and
change in magnitude of linear momentum between t
= 0 and just before t = T.
(i) position vector and velocity vector of the particle at t
= 1s.
(j) equation of trajectory.
(k) time when position of the particle is (48m, 44m).
Also find speed at this instant.
(l) speed at a point P (and Q) where velocity vector
o
makes an angle  = 37 with horizontal.
(m) time to reach point P (and Q).
(n) position vector of point P (and Q).
(o) average velocity between points P and Q.
2. The ceiling of a long hall is 25 m high. What is the
maximum horizontal distance that a ball thrown with a
−1
speed of 40 m s can go without hitting the ceiling of the
hall?
3. A cricketer can throw a ball to a maximum horizontal
distance of 100 m. How much high above the ground can
the cricketer throw the same ball?
4. A bullet fired at an angle of 30° with the horizontal hits
the ground 3.0 km away. By adjusting its angle of
projection, can one hope to hit a target 5.0 km away?
Assume the muzzle speed to the fixed, and neglect air
resistance.
21 IITian’s Concept: Bokaro & Dhanbad Centres
Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
5. A fighter plane flying horizontally at an altitude of 1.5 km
with speed 720 km/h passes directly overhead an anti-
aircraft gun. At what angle from the vertical should the
-1
gun be fired for the shell with muzzle speed 600 m s to
-2
6. A projectile is projected with speed vo. (a) Show that for a
as a function of time is given by

(b) Shows that the projection angle θ0 for a projectile
 4h 
o  tan 1  m 
 R 
where hm is the maximum height and R is the range of
the projectile.
7. A projectile is projected with kinetic energy 20J. If it has
the maximum possible horizontal range, then find its
kinetic energy at the highest point.
8. The equation of trajectory of a projectile is given by
2
y = 3 x – 0.5 x , where x and y are in meters. Find angle
of projection with horizontal and projection speed.
9. Find the average velocity of a projectile between the
instants it crosses half the maximum height. It is
projected with a speed u at an angle θ with the
horizontal.
10. A ball is projected from a point on the floor with a speed
o
of 15 m/s at an angle of 60 with the horizontal. Will it hit
a vertical wall 5 m away from the point of projection and
perpendicular to the plane of projection without hitting
the floor? Will the answer differ if the wall is 22 m away?
11. A ball is thrown horizontally from a origin O point 100 m
above the ground with a speed of 20 m/s. Take g = 10
m/s2.
O x
y
Find
(a) the time it takes to reach the ground,
(b) the horizontal distance it travels before reaching the
ground,
(c) the velocity (direction and magnitude) with which it
strikes the ground.
(d) speed and position vector at t = 2s.
(e) time and velocity when particle is at x = 20m.
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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS
12. A ball is thrown horizontally from a height of 20 m. It hits
the ground with a velocity three times its initial velocity.
Find the initial velocity of ball.
13. The position of a particle is given by
 13. (a) v (t) = (3.0 i − 4.0t j), a (t) = − 4.0 j
 
r  3.0ti  2.0t 2 j +4.0k m  –1
where t is in seconds and the coefficients have the
  
proper units for r to be in metres. (a) Find the v and a
of the particle? (b) What is the magnitude and direction
of velocity of the particle at t = 2.0 s?
14. A particle starts from the origin at t = 0 with a velocity of
10.0 j m/s and moves in the x-y plane with a constant
-2
acceleration of (8.0i + 2.0j) m s . (a) At what time is the x
coordinate of the particle 16 m? What is the y-coordinate
of the particle at that time? (b) What is the speed of the
particle at the time?
Answers
1. Answers
(a)  g j   10 m / s 2  j
(b) u x  24m / s, u y  32m / s,  ax  0, a y  10m / s 2
(c) T = 6.4s, H = 51.2m, R = 153.6 m
(d) 3.2s, 24 m/s
Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
o
11. (a) 4.5 s (b) 90 m (c) 49 m/s at 66 with horizontal.
  
(d) 20√2 m/s, 40i  20 j m (e) 1s, 20i  10 j m / s 
12. 7m/s
(b) 8.54 m s , 70° with x-axis.
–1
14. (a) 2 s, 24 m, 21.26 m s
PHYSICS DPP 4
Subjective Questions - Level II
1. A ball is projected from a cliff of height h  4.8m at on
angle  to the horizontal. It hits an incline passing
through the foot of the cliff, inclined at an angle  to
the horizontal. Time of flight of the ball is T  1.2s . Foot
of the cliff is the origin of the co-ordinate system,
horizontal is x direction and vertical is y direction (see
figure ), plot of y co-ordinate vs time and y component
of velocity of the ball v y vs its x co-ordinate is as shown.
x and y are in m and time is in s in the graph. Take
g  10m / s 2 .
y

 
(e) 24i  32 j m / s α
(f) 1600 J, 576 J, 1600 J
h
 
(g) 48i  64 j kgm / s,  48kgm / s  i,
x
θ
 48i  64 j  kgm / s O vy
(h) 160kgm/s, 0 v0
y(m)
(i)    
24i  27 j m , 24i  22 j m / s
4.8 
9.6  x(m)

-v0
 x 4  x 
(j) y  x tan   1      x  1   
 R 3  153.6  t (s)

(k) 2 s, 12√5 m/s 1.2 

(l) 30 m/s
(m) 1.4 s a) Find the angle of projection α.
(n)  
33.6i  35 j m b) Find the inclination θ of the incline.
c) If the ball is projected with same speed but at an
(o) 24 m/s angle θ (inclination of the incline) to the horizontal,
2. 150.5 m will it hit the incline above or below the point where
3. 50 m it struck the incline earlier.
4. No 2. Two particles move in a uniform gravitational field with
-1
5. At an angle of sin (1/3) = 19.5° with the vertical; 16 an acceleration g. At the initial moment the particles
km were located at one point and moved with velocities vl=
6. Proof 3.0 m/s and v2 = 4.0 m/s horizontally in opposite
7. 10 J directions. Find the distance between the particles at the
o
8. 60 , 2 10 m/s moment when their velocity vectors become mutually
9. u cosθ perpendicular.
10. Yes, yes

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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS
3. A man sitting on the shore of a river. He is in the line of a
1.0 m long boat and is 5.5 m away from the centre of the
boat. He wishes to throw an apple into the boat. If he can
throw the apple only with a speed of 10 m/s, find the
minimum and maximum angles of projection for
successful shot. Assume that the point of projection and
the edge of the boat are in the same horizontal level.
4. A staircase contains three steps each 10 cm high and 20
cm wide. What should be the minimum horizontal
velocity of a ball rolling off the uppermost plane so as to
hit directly the lowest plane?
5. A bomb is dropped from a plane flying horizontally with
uniform speed. Show that the bomb will explode
vertically below the plane. Is the statement true if the
plane flies with uniform speed but not horizontally?
6. A ball is thrown from the top of a tower with an initial
velocity of 10 m/s at an angle of 30º above the
horizontal. It hits the ground at a distance of 17.3 m from
the base of the tower. Find the height of the tower. Take
g = 10 m/s2.
7. A person standing on the top of a cliff 171 ft high has to
throw a packet to his friend standing on the ground 228
ft horizontally away. If he throws the packet directly
aiming at the friend with a speed of 15.0 ft/s, how short
will the packet fall?
8. Two inclined planes OA and OB having inclination (with
horizontal) 30° and 60° respectively, intersect each other
at O as shown in fig. A particle is projected from point P
with velocity u = 10 3 ms–1 along a direction
perpendicular to plane OA.
If the particle strikes plane OB perpendicularly at Q,
calculate
a) velocity with which particle strikes the plane OB,
b) time of flight,
c) vertical height h of P from O,
d) maximum height from O attained by the particle and
e) distance PQ
9. A ball is projected from a point O on the ground. It hits a
smooth vertical wall AB at height h and rebounds
elastically. The ball finally lands at a point C on the
23 IITian’s Concept: Bokaro & Dhanbad Centres
Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
ground. During the course of motion, the maximum
height attained by the ball is H.
O C
h OA 1
a) Find the ratio if 
H OC 3
b) Find the magnitude of average acceleration of the
projectile for its entire course of flight if it was
o
projected at an angle 45 to the horizontal.
10. A small ball is thrown between two vertical walls
(separation d/2) such that in the absence of the wall its
range would have been 5d. The angle of projection is α.
𝛼
d/2 
Given that all the collisions are perfectly elastic, find
a) the maximum height attained by the ball.
b) total number of collisions before the ball comes back to
the ground, and
c) point at which the ball falls finally. The walls are
supposed to be very tall.
11. A radius vector of a point A relative to the origin varies

with time t as r  atiˆ  bt 2 ˆj , where a and b are positive
constants and are the unit vectors of the x and y axes.
Find:
a) the equation of the point's trajectory y (x) ; plot this
function.
b) the time dependence of the velocity v and
acceleration w vectors as well as of the moduli of
these quantities.
c) the time dependence of the angle α between the
vectors w and v;
d) the mean velocity vector averaged over the first t
seconds of motion, and the modulus of this vector.
12. A point moves in the plane xy according to the law
x  at , t  at 1   t  , where a and  are positive
constants, and t is time. Find:
a) the equation of the point's trajectory y(x); plot this
function;
b) the velocity v and the acceleration w of the point as
functions of time;
c) the moment to at which the velocity vector forms an

angle with the acceleration vector.
4
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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS
13. A point moves in the plane xy according to the law
x  a sin  t , y  a 1  cos t  , where a and  are
positive constants.
Find:
a) the distance s traversed by the point during the time
;
b) the angle between the point's velocity and
acceleration vectors.
14. A small body is thrown at an angle to the horizontal with
the initial velocity vo. Neglecting the air drag, find:
a) the displacement of the body as a function of time r
(t);
b) the mean velocity vector <v> averaged over the first
t seconds and over the total time of motion.
15. A balloon starts rising from the surface of the Earth. The
ascension rate is constant and equal to vo. Due to the
wind the balloon gathers the horizontal velocity
component vx = ay, where a is a constant and y is the
height of ascent. Find how (a) the horizontal drift of the
balloon x (y) and (b) acceleration depends on the height
of ascent y.
16. A particle moves in the plane xy with velocity

 
v  ai  bx j where a and b are constants. At the initial
moment of time the particle was located at the point x =
y = 0. Find the equation of the particle's trajectory y(x).
17. (a) A particle starts moving at t  0 in xy plane such
that its coordinates (in cm) with time (in sec) change as
x  3t and y  4 sin 3t . Draw the path of the particle.
(b) If position vector of a particle is given by

r   4t 2  16t  i   3t 2  12t  j , then find the distance
travelled in first 4 seconds.
Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
particle is constant and is equal to v0 and the particle was
at origin at time t  0. Find the magnitude of the
acceleration of the particle when it is at point having x

coordinate x  .
2k
21. A particle is projected along an inclined plane as shown
in figure. What is the speed of the particle when it
collides at point P? What is the y component of its
velocity when it strikes at P?
Y
10m / s
X
P
30o
30o
O
22. A particle is projected from the bottom of an inclined
plane of inclination 300. At what angle  (from the
horizontal) should the particle be projected to get the
maximum range on the inclined plane.
23. A particle is projected from the bottom of an inclined
plane of inclination 300. with velocity of 40 m / s at an
angle of 600. with horizontal. Find the speed of the
particle when its velocity vector is parallel to the plane.
Take g  10m / s 2 .
24. Find time of flight and range of the projectile along the
inclined plane as shown in given figures. Take
g  10m / s 2 .
Y
(a) 

18. A Player initially at rest throws a ball with an initial speed 20 2m / s

 12 
u  19.5m / s at an angle   sin 1   to the 45o
 13  O
horizontal. Immediately after throwing the ball he starts
running to catch it. He runs with constant acceleration a X 30o
for first 2s and thereafter runs with constant velocity.
He runs in a straight line the plane of the ball’s motion.
(b) 
He just manages to catch the ball at exactly the same 20 m / s
height at which he threw the ball. Find a . Take 30o
g  10m / s 2 . Do you think anybody can run at a speed at
which the player ran? X 30o
19. The time of flight, for a projectile, along two different
paths to get a given range R , are in ratio 2:1. Find the
ratio of this range R to the maximum possible range for 25. Determine the horizontal velocity u with which a stone
the projectile assuming the projecting speed to be same must be projected horizontally from a point A, so that it
in all cases. may hit the inclined plane perpendicularly. The
20. A particle is moving in the xy plane on a sinusoidal inclination of the plane with the horizontal is  and
course determined by y  A sin kx where k and A are point A is at a height h above the foot of the incline, as
constants. The x component of the velocity of the shown in the figure.

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IITian’s Concept KINEMATICS Compiled By: Pranjal Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
1
(c) t0 
A u 

13. (a) a (b)
2
h   
θ
   t 2
14. (a) r  v o t  g
  t  g v o  g
(b) v o  g , v o 
 
2 2 g2
26. A particle is projected horizontally from origin with speed a 2
u as shown in figure. Find the coordinates of the point 15. (a) x  y (b) w  av0
2v0
where the particle will hit the inclined plane.
y b 2
16. y  x
2a
17. (a)
x u
O
y

O x
θ

Answers (b) 40 m
2
18. 5.19 m/s
3 4
1. (a)   tan 1    37 o 19.
4 5
1 20. Akvo 2
(b)   tan 1  
2 10
(c) The ball hit at a point lower than the earlier point. 21. m / s, 5m / s
3
2. 2.5 m
o o
3. Minimum angle 15 , maximum angle 75 but there is an 22. 60o
o o o
interval of 53 between 15 and 75 , which is not allowed 40
23. m/s
for successful shot 3
4. 2 m/s
5. True 24. (a) T 
4  3 1  s  6.31s; R  160   m  145.71m
3 1

6. 10 m 3 3
7. 192 ft 4 160
–1 (b) T  s  2.31s; R  m  53.33m
8. (a) 10 ms (b) 2 sec (c) 5 m (d) 16.25 m (e) 20 m 3 3
16
9. (a) (b) 2g 2 gh
25 25.
2  cot 2 
10. (a) 5d/4 tan α (b) 9 (c) point O
 2u 2 tan  2u 2 tan 2  
b x2 26.  , 
11. (a) y   2  g g 
a

   
(b) v  aiˆ  2 btjˆ, w   2 bjˆ, v  a 2  4 b 2 t 2 , w  2b
a
(c) tan  
2bt
 
(d) v  aiˆ  btjˆ, v  a 2  b 2 t 2

x 2
12. (a) y  x 
a
(b) v  a 1  1  2 t  , w  2 a  constant
2

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