Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 Introduction To PV Systems
1 Introduction To PV Systems
Introduction to
Photovoltaic Systems
Solar-Thermal Systems
Heat fluids for domestic hot water, pools, space conditioning or
concentrating designs for power generation.
Stand-Alone Systems
Operate off-grid
Sizing based on electrical loads
Interactive Systems
power
conditioning power
distribution load
energy
electric
energy
utility
storage
Battery
(optional)
Disadvantages include:
High initial costs compared with competing power options.
Low power densities require large array surface areas.
Energy production is dependent on location, time of day/year, array
orientation and other factors.
Specialty applications
Rural development
Remote monitoring, railway signals,
Health care facilities, schools and security systems and water
community centers treatment
Off-grid power
Telecommunications facilities
Lighting and appliances for remote
homes and facilities
Grid-connected systems
Agricultural uses Residential, commercial and utility-
scale
Water pumping and irrigation
Fence charging
NASA
Radios
Utility Lights Security Cameras
SolarWorld
SolarWorld
SolarWorld
2012 Jim Dunlop Solar Introduction to PV Systems: 1 - 14
Rural Development
Rural Health Clinic Vaccine Refrigeration
SolarWorld
NREL/Steve McCarney Rural Home Lighting
Water Pumping
United Solar
Systems
FSEC/Jim Dunlop
JEA/Larry Wagner
NREL/Warren Gretz
National Electric
NREL/EPA
NREL/John Thorton
NREL/Byron Stafford
2012 Jim Dunlop Solar Virgin Island Energy Office Introduction to PV Systems: 1 - 26
Remote Residential
Railway Signals
FSEC
FSEC/Lakeland Electric
FSEC/Lakeland Electric
FSEC/Lakeland Electric
Sharp Solar
NREL/Steve Wilcox
2012 Jim Dunlop Solar Introduction to PV Systems: 1 - 33
Flat-Plate PV Arrays
Flat-plate collectors utilize non-concentrated solar radiation.
Most PV modules and arrays are flat-plate collectors.
Power Tower
Product Listing and Certification Infancy All modules, inverters, controls and
combiners listed to UL standards
Code Compliance PV first introduced in 1984 NEC All systems permitted and inspected by
Few systems permitted and inspected building officials
Utility Interconnection Few utilities permitted PV All states and utilities permit
interconnections interconnections from 2 to 20 MW
Component Manufacturing
engineers, designers, fabricators, System Installation, Operations and
assemblers Maintenance
contractors, electricians and
related trades
Sales and Marketing
business and marketing Inspection and Code Compliance
professionals regulators, utilities, electrical
and building inspectors
Systems Engineering and
Design Training and Education
professional engineers, architects teachers and instructors
and contractors
Product Research, Testing and
Procurement and Operations Certification
engineers, scientists,
business and accounting
technicians
professionals
Financial incentives
2% 7%
7%
China
7% USA
ROW
Japan
EU
77%
Total 7.2 GW
500
Capacity (MW)
400
300
200
100
0
1
9
9
9 DOE/Energy Information Agency Interstate Renewable Energy Council /Larry Sherwood
2
0
0
0
Rebates
Production incentives
Financial incentives
Net metering and interconnection
rules
Licensing, permitting and building
codes
Legislative actions Interstate Renewable Energy Council / North Carolina Solar Center
See: www.nabcep.org
See: www.uluniversity.us
SunPower/Bombard Electric
Dennis Whalen
Photovoltaic Systems Engineering, 3rd Edition, by Roger Messenger and Jerry Ventre. ISBN
0-8493-1793-2, CRC Press LLC: www.crcpress.com