BIOLOGY

CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS

Fourth Edition

Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor

CHAPTER 23
Circulation

Modules 23.4 – 23.12

From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections

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THE MAMMALIAN CARDIOVACULAR SYSTEM
23.4 The human heart and cardiovascular system
typify those of mammals

• The mammalian heart has two thin-walled atria

that pump blood into the ventricles
– The thick-walled ventricles pump blood to all
other body organs

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 Pulmonary Aorta
artery

Pulmonary
Superior
artery
vena cava
LEFT
ATRIUM
RIGHT
ATRIUM

Pulmonary
veins Pulmonary
veins

Semilunar
Semilunar
valve
valve

Atrioventricular
valve Atrioventricular
valve

Inferior
vena cava

RIGHT LEFT
VENTRICLE VENTRICLE
Figure 23.4A

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 Superior 7
Capillaries of
vena cava Head and arms

Pulmonary
artery Pulmonary
artery
Capillaries Capillaries
of right lung 9 Aorta of left lung

3 2 3

4
11
Pulmonary Pulmonary
vein vein
5
1 LEFT ATRIUM
RIGHT ATRIUM
10 LEFT VENTRICLE
RIGHT VENTRICLE

Inferior Aorta
vena cava

Capillaries of
abdominal organs
and legs
8
Figure 23.4B

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23.5 The structure of blood vessels fits their
functions

• A single layer of epithelial cells forms capillary

walls
• Arteries and veins have smooth muscle and
connective tissue
– Valves in veins prevent the backflow of blood

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 Valve
Epithelium Basement
membrane
Epithelium
Epithelium
Smooth
muscle Smooth
CAPILLARY muscle
Connective
Connective
tissue
tissue

ARTERY VEIN

VENULE
ARTERIOLE

Figure 23.5

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23.6 The heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically

• Diastole
1 Heart is 2 Atria
– Blood flows from the relaxed.
AV valves
contract.

veins into the heart are open.

chambers
• Systole
0.1 sec SYSTOLE

– The atria briefly 3 Ventricles

contract and fill the 0.4 sec
0.3 sec contract.
Semilunar
ventricles with blood valves
are open.

– Then the ventricles DIASTOLE

contract and propel

blood out
Figure 23.6

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 • Heart valves prevent backflow
• Cardiac output
– The amount of blood pumped into the aorta by
the left ventricle per minute

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23.7 The pacemaker sets the tempo of the heartbeat

• The SA node (pacemaker) generates electrical

signals that trigger the contraction of the atria
• The AV node then relays these signals to the
ventricles
Specialized
Pacemaker AV node
muscle fibers
(SA node)

Right
atrium

Right
ventricle
1 2 3 4

ECG Figure 23.7

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 • An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a recording of
electrical changes in the skin resulting from the
electrical signals in the heart
– Control centers in the brain adjust heart rate to
body needs

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23.8 Connection: What is a heart attack?

• A heart attack is damage that occurs when a

coronary feeding the heart is blocked

Aorta

Right
coronary
artery Left
coronary
artery

Blockage

Dead muscle tissue

Figure 23.8A

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 • Blood vessel blockage is usually due to blood
clots

Connective Smooth
tissue muscle Epithelium Plaque

Figure 23.8B

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23.9 Blood exerts pressure on vessel walls

• Blood pressure depends on

– cardiac output

– resistance of vessels

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 • Pressure is Systolic
pressure

highest in the Diastolic

arteries pressure

– It drops to Relative sizes and

numbers
of blood
zero by the vessels

time the
blood
reaches the
veins

Figure 23.9A

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 • Three factors keep blood moving back to the
heart
– muscle contractions

– breathing

– one-way valves

Direction of
blood flow
in vein

Valve (closed)
Valve (open)
Skeletal muscle Figure 23.9B

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23.10 Connection: Measuring blood pressure can
reveal cardiovascular problems
• Blood pressure is measured as systolic and
diastolic pressures
Blood pressure
120 systolic
80 diastolic
(to be Pressure Pressure Pressure
measured) in cuff in cuff in cuff
above below below 80
Rubber 120 120
cuff
inflated
with air

Sounds Sounds
audible in stop
Artery Artery stethoscope
closed

1 2 3 4
Figure 23.10

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 • Hypertension is persistent systolic pressure
higher than 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic
pressure higher than 90 mm Hg
– It is a serious cardiovascular problem

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23.11 Smooth muscle controls the distribution of
blood
• Muscular constriction of arterioles and
precapillary sphincters controls the flow
through capillaries

Precapillary sphincters Thoroughfare Thoroughfare

channel channel

Arteriole Venule Arteriole Venule

Capillaries

1 Sphincters relaxed 2 Sphincters contracted

Figure 23.11

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23.12 Capillaries allow the transfer of substances
through their walls

Figure 23.12A

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 • The transfer of materials between the blood and
interstitial fluid can occur by
– leakage through clefts in the capillary walls

– diffusion through the wall

– blood pressure

– osmotic pressure

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 Tissue cells

Osmotic Osmotic
Arterial pressure pressure Venous
end of end of
capillary capillary

Blood Blood
pressure pressure

INTERSTITIAL
FLUID NET PRESSURE NET PRESSURE
OUT IN

Figure 23.12B

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