CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Priyambodo

Jurusan Biologi Fakultas MIPA Universitas Lampung

2017
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Jurusan Biologi Fakultas MIPA Universitas Lampung
2017
 • Circulatory systems reflect phylogeny
• Transport systems
– Functionally connect the organs of exchange with the
body cells

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 Cnidarians

– Have elaborate gastrovascular cavities

Circular
canal

Radial canal
Mouth
5 cm

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 • More complex animals
– Have one of two types of circulatory systems: open or
closed
• Both of these types of systems have three basic
components
– A circulatory fluid (blood)
– A set of tubes (blood vessels)
– A muscular pump (the heart)
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 In insects, other arthropods, and
most molluscs

– Blood bathes the organs directly in an open circulatory

system
Heart

Hemolymph in sinuses
surrounding ograns

Anterior Lateral Ostia

vessel vessels

Tubular heart
(a) An open circulatory system

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 a closed circulatory
system

• Blood is confined to
Heart

vessels and is distinct

from the interstitial fluid Interstitial
fluid
Small branch vessels
in each organ

Dorsal vessel
(main heart)

Auxiliary hearts Ventral vessels

(b) A closed circulatory system

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 Vertebrate circulatory
systems

FISHES AMPHIBIANS REPTILES (EXCEPT BIRDS) MAMMALS AND BIRDS

Gill capillaries Lung and skin capillaries Lung capillaries Lung capillaries

Artery Pulmocutaneous
Right Pulmonary
Gill Pulmonary
circuit systemic circuit circuit
circulation
aorta
Heart:
ventricle (V) Left
A A A A A
A Systemic
Atrium (A) V V aorta
V V V
Right Left Right Left Right Left
Systemic Systemic Systemic
Vein circulation circuit circuit

Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries

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 Human cardiovascular
system

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 Blood vessels

• Arteries carry blood to capillaries

– The sites of chemical exchange between the blood
and interstitial fluid
• Veins
– Return blood from capillaries to the heart

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 The Mammalian Heart

Pulmonary artery Aorta

Pulmonary
Anterior vena cava artery

Right atrium Left

atrium

Pulmonary Pulmonary
veins veins

Semilunar Semilunar
valve valve

Atrioventricular
Atrioventricular valve
valve

Posterior
vena cava Right ventricle
Left ventricle

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 • Humans and other vertebrates have a closed
circulatory system
– Often called the cardiovascular system
• Blood flows in a closed cardiovascular system
– Consisting of blood vessels and a two- to four-
chambered heart

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 • Double circulation in mammals depends on the
anatomy and pumping cycle of the heart
• The structure and function of the human
circulatory system
– Can serve as a model for exploring mammalian
circulation in general

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 7

Capillaries of
Anterior head and
vena cava forelimbs

Pulmonary
Aorta Pulmonary
9 artery
artery
6
Capillaries
of right lung Capillaries
2 of left lung
3 4
3
11
Pulmonary
vein Pulmonary
5 Left atrium vein
1
Right atrium 10
Left ventricle
Right ventricle Aorta

Posterior
vena cava Capillaries of
abdominal organs
8 and hind limbs

Figure 42.5
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 2 Atrial systole;
ventricular
Semilunar diastole
valves
closed

0.1 sec
Semilunar
valves
0.3 sec open
0.4 sec

AV valves
open

AV valves
1 Atrial and closed
ventricular Ventricular systole;
diastole 3 atrial diastole

Figure 42.7
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 • The heart contracts and relaxes
– In a rhythmic cycle called the cardiac cycle
• The contraction, or pumping, phase of the cycle
– Is called systole
• The relaxation, or filling, phase of the cycle
– Is called diastole

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 Artery Vein

• All blood vessels

– Are built of similar
Basement
membrane
Endothelium 100 µm

tissues Endothelium Endothelium

Valve

– Have three similar Smooth

muscle
Capillary
Smooth
muscle

layers Connective
tissue
Connective
tissue
Artery Vein

Venule
Arteriole

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 • Structural differences in arteries, veins, and
capillaries
– Correlate with their different functions
• Arteries have thicker walls
– To accommodate the high pressure of blood pumped
from the heart

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 The composition of
mammalian plasma
Plasma 55%

Constituent Major functions

Water Solvent for

carrying other
substances
Icons (blood electrolytes
Sodium Osmotic balance
Potassium pH buffering, and Separated
Calcium regulation of blood
Magnesium membrane elements
Chloride permeability
Bicarbonate
Plasma proteins
Albumin Osmotic balance,
pH buffering
Fibringen Clotting

Immunoglobulins Defense
(antibodies)

Substances transported by blood

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Nutrients (such as glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)
Waste products of metabolism
Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
Hormones
The cellular elements of
mammalian blood

Cellular elements 45%

Cell type Number Functions
per L (mm3) of blood

Erythrocytes
(red blood cells) 5–6 million Transport oxygen
and help transport
carbon dioxide
Separated
blood
elements Leukocytes 5,000–10,000 Defense and
(white blood cells) immunity

Basophil Lymphocyte

Eosinophil

Neutrophil
Monocyte
Platelets 250,000 Blood clotting
400,000
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 The lymphatic system:
• Collects and returns interstitial fl uid to the blood,
• Launches immune responses that defend the body
against disease organisms, and
• Absorbs lipids from the digestive tract

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