Exercise Science

Section 7: The Cardiovascular and Respiratory

Systems

An Introduction to Health and Physical

Education
Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen
ISBN 1-55077-132-9
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The Cardiovascular System

 Composed of:
 Heart
 Blood vessels
 Blood
 Functions:
 Delivery of O2, fuel, and
nutrients to the tissues of the
body
 Removal of CO2 and waste
products from the tissues
 Maintenance of a constant
body temperature
(thermoregulation)
 Prevention of infection
(immune function)

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The Heart

 Formed from myocardium, a specialized muscle tissue

 Surrounded by pericardium (tough protective sac); allows heart to expand
and contract
 Epicardium lines outside of heart; endocardium lines inside of heart
 Made up of four separate chambers: atria (upper chambers) and ventricles
(lower chambers)
 Considered a “double-pump” and is divided into the right and left heart;
separated by the interventricular septum
 Right heart:
 pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation)
 Left heart:
 Pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body (systemic
circulation)

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Structures of the Heart

Common Structures Structure of right side Structure of left side

Chordae tendinae Superior and inferior vena cava Aorta and thoracic (descending
aorta)

Papillary muscles Right atrium Left atrium

Interventricular Right ventricle Left ventricle

septum

Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein

Tricuspid valve Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Pulmonary valve Aortic valve

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 The Internal Anatomy of the Heart

Aorta

Superior vena cava Left pulmonary artery

Right pulmonary artery

Aortic semilunar valve Left pulmonary veins

Right pulmonary veins Left atrium

Pulmonary semilunar valve Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Left ventricle
Right atrium
Interventricular septum Chordae tendinae
Papillary muscles
Tricuspid valve Chordae tendinae
Right ventricle
Papillary muscles
Inferior vena cava

Thoracic aorta (descending)

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 Path of Blood Through the Heart

Aorta

Superior vena cava Left pulmonary artery

Right pulmonary artery

Aortic semilunar valve Left pulmonary veins

Right pulmonary veins Left atrium

Pulmonary semilunar valve Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Left ventricle
Right atrium
Interventricular septum Chordae tendinae

Papillary muscles
Tricuspid valve Chordae tendinae
Right ventricle Papillary muscles
Inferior vena cava
Thoracic aorta (descending)

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The Heart – Electrical Conduction System

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Internodal pathways

Bundle of His
(AV bundle) Right and left
bundle branches

Purkinje fibres

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Excitation of the Heart

 Sinoatrial node (SA node):

 Specialized region of tissue found in wall of right
atrium
 Location where electrical signals are initiated
(“pacemaker”)
 Atrioventricular node (AV node):
 Passes electrical signal from atria into
ventricles
 Passes electrical signal to the bundle of His
(atrioventricular bundle)
 Bundle of His pass electrical signal to the Purkinje
fibres
 Purkinje fibres pass electrical signal to the
myocardium
 The myocardium contract
 Leads to contraction of the heart
 Leads to the pumping of blood

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The Electrical Activity of the Heart

 Measured using an
electrocardiogram (ECG)
 Graphical representation of
electrical sequence of events
occurring with each contraction
of the heart
 Each wave generated during
contraction is named:
 P wave: represents
depolarization through the
atria
 QRS complex: represents
depolarization of the
ventricle
 T wave: represents
repolarization of the ventricle

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 Coronary Vessels – Anterior View

Aorta
Superior vena cava
Left pulmonary artery
Branches of left pulmonary artery
Branches of right Pulmonary trunk
pulmonary veins
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Anterior interventricular branch
Right atrium of left coronary artery
Right coronary artery Great cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein

Right ventricle
Left ventricle

Inferior vena cava

Thoracic aorta
(descending)

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Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac cycle: series of events occurring through one heartbeat
Involves two phases:

 Diastole phase (relaxation)  Systole phase (contraction)

 Heart fills with blood  Heart contracts and ejects blood

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The Vascular System and Blood

 Vascular System:
 A network of vessels that transport blood throughout the
body; vessels divided into four main categories:
 Arteries: carry blood away from the heart to different
organs
 Arterioles: regulate blood distribution to various tissues
of the body
 Capillaries: responsible for the exchange of gases and
nutrients with the tissues
 Veins (venules): return blood to the heart

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Summary of the Vascular System

Large veins Large arteries

Medium veins Medium arteries

Arteriole

Venules
Capillaries
Precapillary
sphincters
Capillary bed

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The Return of Blood from the Veins

 The skeletal muscle pump:

 Upon contraction of skeletal muscle,
blood is pushed/
massaged back to the heart
 The thoracic pump:
 Pressure in veins (in the chest)
decrease while pressure in veins (in the
abdominal cavity) increase upon intake
of breath
 Difference in pressure pushes blood
from veins in the abdominal cavity into
veins in the thoracic cavity
 The nervous system:
 Sends a signal to veins
 Veins constrict allowing more blood
back to the heart

The skeletal muscle pump

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Properties of Blood
 Two main components:
 Plasma
 Fluid component of blood (mostly water)
 Blood cells
 Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
 Made in bone marrow
 Transport O2 and CO2 in the blood Plasma 55%
90% water
 Transport nutrients and waste 7% plasma proteins
3% other (acids, salts)
 Contain hemoglobin
 White blood cells (leukocytes)
 Destroy foreign elements
 Critical in the function of the immune Formed elements
system 45%
>99% red blood cells
 Platelets <1% white blood cells
and platelets
 Regulate blood clotting

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Cardiovascular Dynamics

 Cardiovascular system adapts to meet the demands that are placed on

it
 Heart adjusts amount of blood pumped by altering:
 Heart rate (HR)
 duration of each cardiac cycle
 Stroke volume(SV)
 volume of blood ejected by ventricles
 Cardiac output (Q)
 HR  SV = Q
 Frank-Starling Law:
 Ability of the heart to stretch and increase the force of contraction
 Ejection fraction
 Measure of stroke volume calculated by use of a formula

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Blood Pressure

 Blood Pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of
the arteries
 Measuring blood pressure: systolic pressure over diastolic pressure
 Systolic blood pressure:
 Pressure observed in the arteries during contraction phase
 Diastolic blood pressure:
 Pressure observed in the arteries during relaxation phase of
the heart

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Normal Blood Pressure

Normal blood pressure (BP): 120mmHg over 80mmHg

Hypertension
 BP greater than
140mmHg over 90mmHg
Factors affecting BP
 Diet
 Aerobic exercise

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Blood Flow Distribution

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Effects of Training

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The Respiratory System

 Composed of structures that

allow:
 Passage of air from outside
the body to the lungs

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 Gas exchange to occur
 Three main functions:
 Supply O2 to the blood
 Remove CO2 from the blood
 Regulate blood pH (acid-base
balance)
 Divided into two zones:
 Conductive zone
 Respiratory zone

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Respiratory System Structure

Nasal cavity

Pharynx Mouth
Epiglottis
Larynx

Trachea

Right and left

primary bronchi Smooth muscle
Secondary bronchi

Terminal bronchiole
Tertiary bronchioles
Respiratory bronchiole

Alveolar sacs
Pulmonary venule

Pulmonary arteriole

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The Conductive Zone

 The conductive zone is

composed of structures that
transport air to the lungs:
 Mouth and nose
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Primary and secondary
bronchi
 Tertiary and terminal
bronchioles
 Filters air taken in with each
breath

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The Respiratory Zone

 The respiratory zone is

composed of structures involved
with the exchange of gases:
 Respiratory bronchioles
 Alveolar ducts
 Alveolar sacs

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Mechanisms of Breathing
 Inspiration:
 Contraction of diaphragm
 Thoracic cavity expands
 Air pressure in thoracic cavity is
lower than air pressure outside
the body
 Air rushes in to lungs to restore
balance
 Lung pressure = atmospheric
pressure
 Expiration:
 Alveolar sacs recoil as diaphragm
relaxes
 Air is expelled
 Thoracic cavity reduces
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 Lung pressure>atmospheric pressure

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Ventilation

 Ventilation (VE) is the volume

of air moved by the lungs in 1 minute
 Influenced by two factors:
 Tidal volume (VT)
 Volume of air in each breath
 Respiratory frequency (f)
 Number of breaths taken per minute

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Respiratory Control Centres

 Respiratory control centres found within brain stem:

 Medulla oblongata
 Inspiratory centre
 15-20 breaths per minute at rest
 Expiratory centre
 Two main functions:
 Ensure the inspiratory muscles never completely relax
 Stimulate forceful expiration when required (during
exercise)
 Pons
 Pneumotaxic and apneustic centres
 Ensure smooth transition of inhalation to exhalation
 Fine-tune the breathing pattern

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Lung Volumes
 Lung Volumes are divided into two categories:
 Static lung volumes
 Determined by the actual structure of the lung
 Three important static lung volumes:
 Total lung capacity (TLC)
 Maximum volume of air that lungs can hold
 Sum of vital capacity
 Vital capacity (VC)
 Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled following a
maximal inhalation
 Residual volume (RV)
 Air that remains in lungs following a maximal exhalation
 Dynamic lung volumes
 Dependent on volume as well as movement/flow of air

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Fractional Concentrations and Partial
Pressures of Main Gasses Found in Air

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Gas Exchange
Diffusion mediates gas exchange
 Diffusion is the movement of a gas,
liquid, or solid from a region of high
concentration to low concentration
 Can only occur if a difference in
concentration exists
 Concentration gradient
Diffusion pathway
 Area through which gases move from
the lungs into the blood; from the
blood into the tissue, and back
 Rates of diffusion depend on:
 Size of concentration gradient
 Thickness of barrier between two
areas
 Surface area between two areas

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Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide Transport

 Oxygen (O2) transport within the blood achieved in two ways:

 O2 dissolved within the plasma
 Represents 2% of O2 found in the blood
 Binds to hemoglobin
 Carbon dioxide (CO2) transport achieved in three ways:
 Trace amounts of CO2 dissolved within the plasma
 Binds to hemoglobin
 Bicarbonate system

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External and Internal Respiration

 External respiration is the result of two main factors:

 Increase in pulmonary ventilation (VE)
 Maintains necessary gradients in the partial pressures of both
O2 and CO2
 Increase in blood flow to the lungs
 Caused by and increase in cardiac output
 Internal respiration involves exchange of gases at tissue level –
extraction of O2 at tissues is increased
 Occurs as result of four main factors:
 Increase in partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) gradient
 Increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2)
 Decrease in pH
 Increase in temperature

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Flow of External and Internal Respiration

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a-vO2 Difference

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Lactate Threshold

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Oxygen Deficit and EPOC

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Physiological Adaptations Due to Endurance
Training

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Asthma
 Asthma (acute or chronic) is
characterized by:
 Spasm of smooth muscle lining the
respiratory system
 Oversecretion of mucous
 Swelling of cells lining the respiratory
tract
 Asthma results in:
 Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
 Wheezing during breathing
 Factors that stimulate attacks:
 Exercise
 Allergic reactions/contaminates
 Stress
 Controlled through the use of medications

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD):

 Describes a family of diseases that lead to a reduction in airflow
through the respiratory system
 Often fatal in severe cases
 Persistent conditions cannot be relieved (quickly or effectively)
through the use of medications
 Individuals experience dyspnea while performing everyday activities
 Treatment includes:
 Medication
 Oxygen therapy
 Respiratory muscle training

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