CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

The Heart: Chapter 18

Unit Objectives
1. Relate the functions of the cardiovascular system to
transportation of materials
2. Describe the structure of the heart wall and
function
3. Explain the initiation and conduction of electrical
impulses through the heart
4. Describe the flow of blood to and from the heart.
5. Calculate cardiac output
6. Identify a basic ECG as it relates to the cardiac cycle
 Cardiovascular System
• Consists of three interrelated components:
blood, the heart, and blood vessels.

• It is responsible for transporting O2 and CO2,

nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste to
and from body cells.

• It is powered by the body’s hardest-working

organ — the heart.
• Transportation
– Oxygen and carbon dioxide
– Nutrients
– Waste
– Hormones
• Regulation
– Temperature – vasoconstriction and vasodilation
– Blood pressure in tissues – vasoconstriction and
vasodilation
• Protection
– Blood clotting
– Immune cells
• Pulmonary Circuit
• Systemic Circuit
• Arteries
• Arterioles
• Capillaries
• Venules
• Veins
Thoracic Cavity

Pleural Cavity

Pericardial
 Thoracic Cavity

Pleural Cavities

Mediastinum
Pericardium
Front/Anterior
Thoracic Cavity
 Thoracic Cavity

Thoracic Cavity

Pleural Cavities (x2) Mediastinum

- Lungs - The organs that lie in the
- Pleura center of the chest between
the lungs
- Examples – pericardium and
Pericardial cavity heart, thymus, esophagus,
trachea
 Heart – Basic Information
• Size of a closed fist (≤ 1lb).
• Location
• 2/3 of its mass lies to the left of the body’s
midline.
• The apex (pointed end)
• The base of the heart
 Heart – Layers
• Double-walled sac that surrounds and protects the heart
and the roots of the great vessels = Pericardium.
• The pericardium contains 2 main parts:
1. Fibrous pericardium (superficial)
2. Serous pericardium (deep)
• Parietal Pericardium (attaches to fibrous
pericardium)
• Visceral Pericardium (epicardium) (attaches to
heart)
• Between these layers is the pericardial fluid
 Heart – Layers
Parietal

Visceral
(epicardium)
Pericardium and Heart Wall

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Heart – Wall
• The wall of the heart is comprised of 3 layers:
1. Epicardium (visceral layer of the serous
pericardium)
2. Myocardium – cardiac muscle
3. Endocardium

DEEP
PERICARDIUM
Heart wall

Endocardium

Fibrous pericardium

Parietal layer of
serous pericardium

Coronary blood vessels

Pericardial cavity

Myocardium
(cardiac muscle)
Visceral layer of
serous pericardium
(epicardium)
(a) Portion of pericardium and right ventricular
heart wall showing divisions of pericardium and
layers of heart wall
Pericardium

Epicardium

Myocardium

Endocardium
 Heart – Anatomy
• Apex
• Base
– Great arteries and veins enter into the heart here
• Chambers of the heart:
– 2 Atria
– 2 Ventricles
17.3 Anatomy of the Heart

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17.3 Anatomy of the Heart

Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 20

17.3 Anatomy of the Heart

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 Heart – Anatomy

LA
RA
Anterior View
R

RV LV
 Heart – Anatomy

LA

RA
R
LV
RV Posterior View
 Heart – Anatomy
Sulci: separate the chambers of the heart

Anterior Posterior
View View

R R

Coronary sulcus
 Heart – Anatomy
Sulci: separate the chambers of the heart

Interventricular sulcus
Anterior Posterior
View View

R R
 Heart – Atria
• Right Atrium – Receives O2-poor blood from
the body.
• Left Atrium – Receives O2-rich blood from the
lungs.

• Auricles:
 Heart – Auricles

Slightly increases the

capacity of each atrium

Auricle
 Heart – Right Atrium
SVC

Fossa Ovalis

Coronary
Sinus

IVC
Heart – Left Atrium

Pulmonary Veins

R
 Heart – Ventricles
• Right Ventricle:
– With relatively low pressure, it pumps O2-poor
blood to the lungs.
• Left Ventricle:
– Pumps O2-rich blood at a higher pressure to the
rest of the body.
– Has to pump blood to the body = work harder.
– 2 to 4 times larger myocardial muscle when
compared to the right ventricle.
 Heart – Ventricles
Aorta

Pulmonary
Trunk

LV
RV
 Heart – Ventricles

R
 Heart Valves
• Name and locate the valves of the heart
• 2 atrioventricular
– Right
– Left
• 2 semilunar
– Aortic
– Pulmonary
 Heart Valves

• Purpose
• Atrioventricular valves (AV): right and left
• Right AV valve
– “tricuspid valve”
• Left AV valve
– “mitral (bicuspid) valve”
 Frontal
plane
Arch of aorta
Ascending aorta
Superior vena cava
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary valve
Left atrium
Aortic valve
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Chordae tendineae
Left ventricle

Tricuspid valve Papillary muscle

(c) Anterior view of frontal section showing

internal anatomy
 Semilunar valves (SL):

• Near arteries that emerge from the heart

• Function
• Pulmonary SL valve
– pulmonary trunk and right ventricle
• Aortic SL valve
– aorta and left ventricle