Animal

transport
revision notes
Labels of the heart

Artery Artery

f
Vein
Vein

,
Right Left

LO
atrium atrium

RD -

Semilunar valves
Right
ventricle

Atrioventricular valve
I Left
ventricle

Atrioventricular valve
BICUSPID
TRICUSPID

Semilunar valve

Aorta
 giti
Lungs
Pulmonary
Aorta
Pulmonary circulation

Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein

Vena cava

Systemic circulation

Hepatic vein Hepatic Hepatic artery

Liver

Hepatic portal vein

Small intestine

Renal
Renal vein
Renal artery
Kidney

Pulmonary circulation

Blood flow from right ventricle to the lungs through pulmonary

artery , then return as oxygenated blood back to the left atrium
through pulmonary vein

Systemic circulation

Blood from the left ventricle to the body as oxygenated blood through
aorta , then return back from the body to right atrium to enter the
heart through vena cava ( deoxygenated blood ) .
Blood flow inside the heart
Explain how blood coming from the body reaches the lungs :
2 1. Blood coming from the body enter the heart through
Vena cava R. Atrium through vena cava into the right atrium
2. Right atrium contract , pressure of blood in atrium increase

Pulmonary artery
# 3. Atrioventricular valve ( tricuspid ) open
4. Blood is Forced from Right atrium to the right ventricle
R. Ventricle 5. Right ventricle contract , right atrium relax , and pressure in R.
6 5 Ventricle increase

RD
6. Atrioventricular valve close and semilunar valve open
7. Blood is forced out of the heart through pulmonary artery to lungs

1, blood coming from lungs , enter through pulmonary vein LO 2 ⑪

into the left atrium . Pulmonary
Left atrium S
vein.
2. Left atrium contract , so blood pressure in left atrium 3
increase . i Aorta
3, atrioventricular ( bicuspid ) valve open . Left 7
5
4. Blood is forced from left atrium into the left ventricle ventricle 6
5. Left ventricle contract , left atrium relax , an pressure of
blood increase, atrioventricular valve close to prevent back
flow of blood. .
6. Semilunar valve open , to allow the blood to be forced out
of heart through aorta to body .

Double circulatory system

Meaning : Means the blood enters the heart twice in one complete CIRCUIT
Through systemic and pulmonary circulation.

Advantages of having a double circulatory system

1. To pump blood under two different pressures ,

low pressure to the lungs to avoid damage of lungs
High pressure ……to the body … longer distance…( left side )

2. Prevent of mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood …

To maintain steep concentration gradient for faster gas exchange . . .
 Fish
Single circulation disadvantages

Blood entering the heart once in one complete circuit

Disadvantages :
1. 1. Rapid fall in blood velocity and pressure
In sufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients to respiring tissue
2. Pressure too low for efficient kidney function
3. No efficient gas exchange

Diastole …….relaxation
Mention the valves opening and closing during cardiac cycle
Systole …..contraction

Atrium Ventricles Atrioventricular valve Semilunar valve

Diastole Relax Relax Open Closed

Filling of heart

Atrial systole Contract Relax Open Closed

Ensure emptying of atria into ventricles

Ventricular systole Relax Contract Closed Open

Emptying of the heart ..blood is forced out of the heart .

Thickness of walls heart chambers:

Left ventricle more muscular walls as it pumps blood under higher pressure .
To pump blood for longer distance / to the whole body part
To over come resistance to blood flow in arteries .
 Explain the differences in pressure in different blood vessels?
3. In veins low
pressure as it
1. Under high pressure receives blood
Arteries carry blood from capillaries
away from heart … which has already

pumped by muscular lost its pressure ,

Wide lumen
walls of ventricle .
offering les
Narrow lumen and
resistance to blood
thicker wall
flow
2.blood in capillaries starts to loose pressure …..due
to large branching netwrok of capillaries so
pressure falls…+ presence of pores in the walls
through which blood is filtered out + decrease in
volume of the blood so pressure decrease

Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Veins carry
deoxygenated blood... as
Arteries carry oxygenated they receive blood from
blood as they carry blood capillaries .
away from the left side of Capillaries carry gas
the heart , which receives exchange between blood
oxygenated blood from the and cells of ........
organ
lungs through pulmonary As oxygen diffuse into
vein the cells to be used in
aerobic respiration
Function Coronary arteries

Arteries supplying heart muscle with oxygen and glucose for repiration

Risk factors of CHD How coronary arteries become diseased :

1. Stress
1. Fat accumulate on walls of arteries forming atheroma
2. High salt and fat intake 2. Hardening walls of arteries and they lose their elasticity
3. Obesity 3. Leading to narrowing of blood vessels
4. Smoking Which increase blood pressure adding strain on heart muscle
Increase risk of clotting …reduce blood supply to heart
5. Lack of exercise
muscle
So les oxygen and glucose ….less respiration …angina or
heart attack

1. Heart muscle is an involuntary muscle

With no need to receive electrical / nerve impulses from brain to keep contracting

2. Pacemaker :
is a bundle of nerves found in the right atrium
Function :
1. Regulate the rate of heart beats according to the body demand .
2. Ensure atria contract before ventricles for emptying atria into ventricles account

What if pace maker stops

1. Use artificial pace maker replaced in person’s heart
Old : regular heart beats
New : can sense changes in breathing, movement. And body temperature
to adjust heart beats
How to monitor the heart activity inside hospitals

By using ECG ( electrocardiogram )

At which little electrodes are stuck onto
the person’s body and the electrical
Same amplitude
activity of heart is recorded as a mind They are closer

graph Number of beats per min increase

Calculation before and after bpm

How to hear the sound of the heart :

Stethoscope ….to hear lub dub sound

Lub is closure of the atrioventricular valves

Dub is closure of semilunar valves

Measuring heart rate by measuring your pulse rate

Press with two fingers over an artery found near the skin surface .
Wrist / neck
And count number of pulses per minute
Or use pulse meter . .

Why arteries are not found near the skin surface

Arteries have blood flowing under high pressure

So in case of a cut or a damage there will be sever bleeding and blood loss
 Blood vessels ⑲
1. Artery

A) Thick muscular wall

wall with collagen : to withstand high blood pressure ( strengthen walls of blood vessels ) and
prevent it from bursting

B) elastic fibres in middle layer : stretch( expand) and recoil ( narrower) maintain high blood
pressure

C) Narrow lumen
Maintain blood flow under high pressure .

D) smooth muscles to contract and relax ( vasoconstriction and vasodilation) to adjust volume
of blood transported to different body parts .

Over all function : carry blood away from the heart under high pressure , all arteries carries
oxygenated blood except for pulmonary artery.

1. Vein
I
A) Wide lumen : offer no resistance to blood flow …under low pressure
B) Thin wall : as blood is flowing under low pressure.
C) Semilunar valves : ….prevent back flow of blood .

Over all function: : transport / carry blood back into the heart under
low pressure. All veins carry deoxygenated blood except for
pulmonary vein .

How blood moves in a vein

1. Veins. Are found embedded between muscles …when muscle contract …
squeeze on blood …push blood up in veins
2. In addition, semilunar valves prevent back flow of blood
 3. Capillaries e
Function : allow exchange of substances between blood and cells / alveoli
By diffusion of gases ( gas exchange ) and reabsorption of useful substances into
blood example glucose

1. Wall is one cell thick/ thin wall ……for shorter diffusion distance

2. Pores :
Pores in their walls to allow filtration of small molecules from blood
3. Large numbers of branching capillaries
To provide large surface area to allow blood to reach every cell

4. Lumen almost of same size as RBC : so RBCs can move slowly to allow
efficient gas exchange

Function of blood plasma ( yellow)

A) dissolved substances
Glucose , amino acids , vitamins, minerals , urea , lactic acid , CO2
B) plasma proteins .
Fibrinogen , enzymes , some-hormone ( insulin , glucagon)
Antibodies .

Function of platelets

Platelets they touch the damaged tissue become more sticky

Release thrombin enzyme
Catalyse the conversion of soluble fibrinogen
Into insoluble fibrin
Fibrin will form a mesh that traps blood cells and for a clot
Which when dry they form a scab
Prevent A) entry of pathogen .B) prevent bleeding and blood loss .
Labels of the heart

Artery Artery

f
Vein
Vein

,
Right Left

LO
atrium atrium

RD -

Semilunar valves
Right
ventricle

Atrioventricular valve
I Left
ventricle

Atrioventricular valve
BICUSPID
TRICUSPID

Semilunar valve

Aorta
 :i
Lungs
Pulmonary
Aorta
Pulmonary circulation

Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein

Vena cava

Systemic circulation

Hepatic vein Hepatic Hepatic artery

Liver

Hepatic portal vein

Small intestine

Renal
Renal vein
Renal artery
Kidney

Pulmonary circulation
Blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs through
pulmonary artery , then return as oxygenated blood back to
the left atrium through pulmonary vein

Systemic circulation

Blood flow from left ventricle to the body as oxygenated blood

through aorta , then return back from body to right atrium to enter the
heart through vena cava ( deoxygenated blood )
 Blood flow inside the heart
Explain how blood coming from the body reaches the lungs :
I 2 1. Blood coming from the body enter the heart through vena
Vena cava R. Atrium cava into the right atrium
2. Right atrium contract , pressure of blood in atrium increase

Pulmonary artery
#i 3. Atrioventricular valve ( tricuspid ) open
4. Blood is Forced from Right atrium to the right ventricle
R. Ventricle 5. Right ventricle contract , right atrium relax , and pressure in
7 6 5 R. Ventricle increase

RD
6. Atrioventricular valve close and semilunar valve open
7. Blood is forced out of the heart through pulmonary artery to
lungs

1, blood entering from lungs , enter through pulmonary vein into LO 2 ⑪

the left atrium . Pulmonary
Left atrium S
vein.
2. Left atrium contract , so blood pressure in left atrium 3
increase . #
Aorta
Left
↓
3, atrioventricular ( bicuspid ) valve open . 7
5
4. Blood is forced from left atrium into the left ventricle ventricle 6
5. Left ventricle contract , left atrium relax , an pressure of
blood increase, atrioventricular valve close to prevent back flow
of blood. .
6. Semilunar valve open , to allow the blood to be forced out of
heart through aorta to body .

Double circulatory system

Meaning : Means the blood enters the heart twice in one complete CIRCUIT
Through systemic and pulmonary circulation.

Advantages of having a double circulatory system

1. To pump blood under two different pressures ,
low pressure to the lungs to avoid damage of lungs
High pressure ……to the body … longer distance…( left side )

2. Prevent of mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood …

To maintain steep concentration gradient for faster gas exchange . . .
Fish
Single circulation disadvantages

Disadvantages :
1. 1. Rapid fall in blood velocity and pressure
In sufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients to respiring tissue
I
2. Pressure too low for efficient kidney function r

Diastole …….relaxation
Mention the valves opening and closing during cardiac cycle
Systole …..contraction

Atrium Ventricle Atrioventricular valve Semilunar valve

Relax Relax Open Closed

Diastole
Filling of heart
Contract Relax Open Closed
Atrial systole
Ensure emptying of atria into ventricles

Relax Contract Closed Open

Ventricular systole
Emptying of the heart ..blood is forced out of the heart

Thickness of walls heart chambers:

Left ventricle more muscular walls as it pumps blood under higher pressure .
To pump blood for longer distance / to the whole body part
To over come resistance to blood flow in arteries .
 Explain the differences in pressure in different blood vessels?

3. In veins low
1. Under high pressure pressure as it
Arteries carry blood receives blood
away from heart … from capillaries
pumped by muscular which has already
walls of ventricle . lost its pressure ,
Narrow lumen and Wide lumen

thicker wall offering les

resistance to blood
flow
2.blood in capillaries starts to loose pressure …..due
to large branching netwrok of capillaries so
pressure falls…+ presence of pores in the walls
through which blood is filtered out + decrease in
volume of the blood so pressure decrease

Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Veins carry
deoxygenated blood... as
Arteries carry oxygenated
they receive blood from
blood as they carry blood
capillaries .
away from the left side of
Capillaries carry gas
the heart , which receives
exchange between blood
oxygenated blood from the
and cells of ........
organ
lungs through pulmonary
As oxygen diffuse into
vein
the cells to be used in
aerobic respiration
Function Coronary arteries

Arteries supplying heart muscle with oxygen and glucose for repiration

Risk factors of CHD

1. Stress How coronary arteries become diseased :
2. High salt and fat intake 1. Fat accumulate on walls of arteries forming atheroma
3. Obesity 2. Hardening walls of arteries and they lose their elasticity
3. Leading to narrowing of blood vessels
4. Smoking
Which increase blood pressure adding strain on heart muscle
5. Lack of exercise Increase risk of clotting …reduce blood supply to heart
muscle
So les oxygen and glucose ….less respiration …angina or
heart attack

1. Heart muscle is an involuntary muscle

With no need to receive electrical / nerve impulses from brain to keep contracting

2. Pacemaker :
is a bundle of nerves found in the right atrium
Function :
1. Regulate the rate of heart beats according to the body demand .
2. Ensure atria contract before ventricles for emptying atria into ventricles

What if pace maker stops

1. Use artificial pace maker replaced in person’s heart
Old : regular heart beats
New : can sense changes in breathing, movement. And body temperature
to adjust heart beats
How to monitor the heart activity inside hospitals
By using Electrocardiogram
At which little electrodes are stuck onto the
person’s body and the electrical activity of heart
is recorded as a mind graph Same amplitude
They are closer
Number of beats per min increase
Calculation before and after bpm

How to hear the sound of the heart :

Stethoscope ….to hear lub dub sound

Lub is closure of the atrioventricular valves

Dub is closure of semilunar valves

Measuring heart rate by measuring your pulse rate

Press with two fingers over an artery found near the skin surface .
Wrist / neck
And count number of pulses per minute
Or use pulse meter . .

Why arteries are not found near the skin surface

Arteries have blood flowing under high pressure

So in case of a cut or a damage there will be sever bleeding and blood loss
Blood vessels B
1. Artery

A) Thick muscular wall

wall with collagen : to withstand high blood pressure ( strengthen walls of blood vessels ) and
prevent it from bursting

B) elastic fibres in middle layer : stretch( expand) and recoil ( narrower) maintain high blood
pressure

C) Narrow lumen
Maintain blood flow under high pressure .

D) smooth muscles to contract and relax ( vasoconstriction and vasodilation) to adjust volume
of blood transported to different body parts .

Over all function : carry blood away from the heart under high pressure , all arteries carries
oxygenated blood except for pulmonary artery.

1. Vein

A) Wide lumen : offer no resistance to blood flow …under low pressure S

B) Thin wall : as blood is flowing under low pressure.
C) Semilunar valves : ….prevent back flow of blood .

Over all function: : transport / carry blood back into the heart under
low pressure. All veins carry deoxygenated blood except for
pulmonary vein . How blood moves in a vein
1. Veins. Are found embedded between muscles …when muscle contract …
squeeze on blood …push blood up in veins
2. In addition, semilunar valves prevent back flow of blood
 3. Capillaries e
Function : allow exchange of substances between blood and cells / alveoli
By diffusion of gases ( gas exchange ) and reabsorption of useful substances into
blood example glucose

1. Wall is one cell thick/ thin wall ……for shorter diffusion distance

2. Pores :
Pores in their walls to allow filtration of small molecules from blood
3. Large numbers of branching capillaries
To provide large surface area to allow blood to reach every cell
4. Lumen almost of same size as RBC : so RBCs can move slowly to allow
efficient gas exchange

Function of blood plasma ( yellow)

A) dissolved substances
Glucose , amino acids , vitamins, minerals , urea , lactic acid , CO2
B) plasma proteins .
Fibrinogen , enzymes , some-hormone ( insulin , glucagon)
Antibodies .

Function of platelets

Platelets they touch the damaged tissue become more sticky

Release thrombin enzyme
Catalyse the conversion of soluble fibrinogen
Into insoluble fibrin
Fibrin will form a mesh that traps blood cells and for a clot
Which when dry they form a scab
Prevent A) entry of pathogen .B) prevent bleeding and blood loss .