The menstrual cycle is a series of changes that prepares the body for potential pregnancy each month. If pregnancy does not occur, menstruation begins. The average cycle is 28 days long and involves changes in the levels of hormones like estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries and pituitary. Problems can include painful periods (dysmenorrhea), heavy bleeding (menorrhagia), lack of periods (amenorrhea), and premenstrual symptoms (PMS). Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity.
The menstrual cycle is a series of changes that prepares the body for potential pregnancy each month. If pregnancy does not occur, menstruation begins. The average cycle is 28 days long and involves changes in the levels of hormones like estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries and pituitary. Problems can include painful periods (dysmenorrhea), heavy bleeding (menorrhagia), lack of periods (amenorrhea), and premenstrual symptoms (PMS). Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity.
The menstrual cycle is a series of changes that prepares the body for potential pregnancy each month. If pregnancy does not occur, menstruation begins. The average cycle is 28 days long and involves changes in the levels of hormones like estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries and pituitary. Problems can include painful periods (dysmenorrhea), heavy bleeding (menorrhagia), lack of periods (amenorrhea), and premenstrual symptoms (PMS). Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity.
• Series of changes a woman's body goes through to prepare for a pregnancy. • About once a month, the uterus grows a new lining (endometrium) to get ready for a fertilized egg. • When there is no fertilized egg to start a pregnancy, the uterus sheds its lining. Characteristics of normal menstrual cycle • Average length is 28 days, but may vary. • Average duration is 5 days (range of 3-6 days) • Average blood loss is 50 ml (range of 20-80 ml) • Starts bw the ages of 11 and 14. Also could be 9-17 • Women get fewer periods between ages 39 and 51. • The 1st day of bleeding is designated as day 1 of menstrual cycle • The menstrual cycle is from Day 1 of bleeding to Day 1 of the next time of bleeding. • It prepares uterus for pregnancy. When pregnancy does not occur, menstruation follows. Menstrual Cycle It is controlled by feedback system of 3 cycles: • Endometrial • Hypothalamic-pituitary • Ovarian Hormones • Ovarian hormones: • Estrogen • Progesterone • Relaxin • Pituitary hormones: • FSH • LH • Prolactin Endometrial cycle • 4 phases: • Menstrual phase • Proliferative phase • Secretary phase • Ischemic phase 1) Menstrual phase • Shedding of the endometrial layers initiated by vasoconstriction of the upper layer of the endometrium. • Regeneration begins near the end of the cycle 2) Proliferative phase • After menstruation is a period of rapid growth starts from the 5th day to time of ovulation • Restoration of endometrial surface in day 4 or before bleeding ceases known as regenerative phase • Then, under the control of Estrogen ------- increase thickness & growth occur at ovulation In the ovary • • FSH lead to maturation of the ovum (one every month) • The immature ova (oocyte) contains 23 chromosomes, each oocyte surrounded by a follicle--- becomes Grafian follicle after maturation & go to surface of ovary. • When ovulation occur @ day 14, Grafian follicle ruptures & ovum go to fallopian tubes. • FSH & LH continue acting on follicle cells of ovaries--- corpus luteum (yellow body) which is high in progesterone. 3) Secretary phase • (after ovulation) extends from the day of ovulation to about 3 days before the next menstrual period. • After ovulation larger amounts of progesterone produced causing edema, vascular functional endometrium. • At the end of this phase, fully matured secretory endometrium reaches thickness & become heavy & soft. • It become rich in blood & glandular secretions,,,, suitable protective & nutritive bed for a fertilized ovum • If pregnancy occurs-Implantation of fertilized ovum occur at 7- 10 days after ovulation & corpus luteum enlarges & persists until 4-5 months (secretes estrogen & progesterone) then regresse. 4) Ischemic phase • If no fertilization---corpus luteum regresse- rapid decrease estrogen & progesterone -involution of endometrium, rupture of blood & vessels----menses bleeding marking day 1 of the next cycle. • The blood supply to the functional endometrium is blocked & necrosis develops. Pituitary hormones • FSH: • Causes Graafian follicles to develop & enlarge • Stimulates secretion of estrogen • Increases during the 1st half of cycle • LH: • Produced when ant pituitary stops producing FSH • Increase LH + decrease FSH--- follicle ruptures & ovulation occurs • Corpus luteum develops under the influence of LH & produced both Estrogen & Progesterone • Prolactin: • Produced in the ant pituitary. Excessive amounts inhibit ovulation as in BF Ovarian hormones • Estrogen: • produced under control of FSH • Function: responsible for secondary characteristics of the female • During the cycle, it causes proliferation of uterine endometrium by inhibiting FSH & encourages fluid retention Progesterone: • produced by corpus luteum under influence of LH • Function: It causes body temp to increase by time of • ovulation, gives fullness of breast before menses Relaxin: • maximum levels bw 38-42 weeks of pregnancy • From corpus luteum • Function: relaxes pelvis, cervix, softens cervix to suppress uterine contractions & reduces oxytocin Problems of menstrual cycle • Women can have a range of problems with their periods, including pain, heavy bleeding, and skipped periods. Amenorrhea • The lack of a menstrual period. This term is used to describe the absence of a period in: 1. Young women who haven't started menstruating by age 15 2. Women and girls who haven't had a period for 90 days, even if they haven't been menstruating for long Causes can include: Pregnancy Breastfeeding Extreme weight loss Eating disorders Excessive exercising Stress Serious medical conditions in need of treatment Dysmenorrhea • Painful periods, including severe cramps. • Menstrual cramps in teens are caused by too much of a chemical called prostaglandin. • Most teens with dysmenorrhea do not have a serious disease, even though the cramps can be severe. • In older women, the pain is sometimes caused by a disease or condition such as uterine fibroids or endometriosis. Dysmenorrhea • Self management: • Heating pad or taking a warm bath • Ibuprofen • If these medicines don’t relieve your pain or the pain interferes with work or school, you should see a doctor. Treatment depends on what’s causing the problem and how severe it is. Menorrhagia • Excessive menstrual flow lasting more than 7-8 days with blood loss more than 80-100 ml Can be due to: • Hormonal disturbances • Use of IUCDs • Endometrial infection • Lesions or malignancies in ovaries, cervix or uterus • Drug therapy i.e. chemotherapy, steroids or tranquilizers Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) • Set of both physical & behavioral symptoms that begins approximately 7-10 days before menses & ends with the onset of menses. • Symptoms may include: • Edema • Abdominal distension • Weight gain • Panic & crying • Irritability • Headaches • Insomnia • Emotional instability • Pelvic fullness • Breast tenderness • Depression • Fatigue • Backache