Lithium

ion
Batteries
CONTENTS
Introduction Working Principle Applications

1 3 5

2 4 6

Construction Pros / Cons Future Prospects

2
But before we move on to
lithium-ion batteries we
must first understand
what batteries are…
“ A battery is a device that is able to store
electrical energy in the form of chemical

”
energy and convert that energy into electricity.

4
1. Introduction
A Lithium-ion Battery is a rechargeable
battery in which lithium ions travel from the
positive electrode to the negative electrode,
and the opposite while charging.

We can further understand this if we get to

know about the construction of Lithium-ion
batteries, as explained in the next slide.
2. Construction
A lithium-ion battery is
composed of 4 parts as following:

1) Cathode
2) Anode
3) Separator
4) Electrolyte

Let's look at them in detail…

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2. Construction

Cathode Anode

We know that lithium-ion batteries produce electricity Anode is the negative electrode made with Carbon
through chemical reactions of lithium. or Graphite. In the charging state, lithium ions are
And the source of lithium is the cathode, which is the
stored in the anode instead of the cathode. When
positive electrode. Also, as lithium itself is an unstable
element we usually use Lithium Oxide for cathode. the discharging state starts, the lithium ions flow
Cathode also plays a fundamental role in displaying back from the anode to cathode.
the characteristics of the battery, as the battery’s
voltage can be determined through it.

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2. Construction
Separator
The Separator acts as a barrier between the
anode and cathode and doesn’t allow the
direct flow of electrons. It has a porous film
which carefully lets Lithium ions to pass
through during charging and discharging
states.
Electrolyte
An Electrolyte is usually composed of
salts and organic liquids. The movement
of Lithium ions from cathode to anode
is facilitated by the electrolyte. It also
prevents the flow of electrons, as it
would stop the production of electricity
and will also turn out to be a safety
concern.
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Now lets get on to the
WORKING
PROCESS! 9
3. Working Principle
We know that traditional batteries work through
galvanic action, but lithium-ion batteries work
differently. They use a process called
“intercalation” mechanism. Through this process,
the lithium ions can be injected in the crystalline
lattice of the host electrode without changing the
crystal structure.
Anode (-)

Graphite
Lithium ion
Cathode (+)
Lithium Metal Oxide
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WORKING PRINCIPLE
During charging, lithium
ions in positive electrode
or the cathode are ionized
and move to the
negatively charged
anode, as shown in the
diagram.

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WORKING PRINCIPLE
During discharging lithium
ions leave the anode and
reach the cathode through
the electrolyte. This also
causes the electrons to start
flowing through the wire,
producing an electric
current along the load.

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Therefore, now we know that this process
is entirely reversible, and lithium ions can
flow from the cathode to anode and vice
versa.
Due to this reason, Lithium-ion batteries
are also sometimes referred as “Swing”
cells.

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Chemical Reactions

charge
At cathode : LiCoO2 Li (1-x)
discharge
CoO2 + xLi
charge
At anode: C + xLi LixC
discharge

Therefore, the overall chemical reaction can be written as:

charge
LiCoO2 + C6 discharge
Li (1-x) CoO2 + C6Lx

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ADVANTAGES
A big advantage is that they Lithium-ion batteries are less
produce higher voltages, in weight compared to other
compared to other batteries. batteries.

They have improved safety as

they have more resistance to They have fast charging and
overcharging. discharging rates.

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DISADVANTAGES
A major drawback is their
cost as they are usually 40%
more costly to manufacture
than Nickel cadmium cells.
Lithium-ion batteries are not
relatively as robust as other
batteries, as they require
protection from overcharging.
Such batteries also face the
problem of ageing and that’s
not only dependent on time
but are also dependent on the
number of charging cycles.
They are not available in
standard cell types.
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Applications
 As they are light in weight, lithium-ion batteries are used in
consumer electronic devices like mobiles, cameras and
computer laptops.

 Another advantage of being light in weight is that they can

be used in the aerospace industry in the manufacture
satellites.

 They are excessively used in electric vehicles because of

their high energy density.

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More Applications

Solar and wind power

.
storage also demands
the use of Lithium-ion
batteries.

Lithium-ion
batteries can be
used in power tools
like cordless drills
and garden
They are used in equipment.
cardiac pacemakers
and other medical
implantable devices.

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FUTURE
PROSPECTS
TESLA
MOTORS
Tesla Motors Inc is an American automotive company which designs, manufactures
and sells electric vehicles that operate on lithium-ion batteries.

The CEO of Tesla Motors, Elon Musk, once stated,

“ It is absolutely true that the fundamental enabling technology

for electric cars is lithium-ion as a cell chemistry technology.
In the absence of that, I don't think it's possible to make an
electric car that is competitive with a gasoline car.
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References
www.wikipedia.com
www.samsungsdi.com
www.sciencedirect.com
www.electronics-notes.com
www.prezi.com

This presentation is designed and completed by Hanzala Labeeb, CMS : 333860, CHE-13 B