MEASUREMENT OF

AUTOMOBILE EMISSION AND

STACK EMISSION
Submitted to : Submitted by:
Dr. D. Sindhanaiselvi Kumar Gaurav
19CE1032
CE1
Contents:
 Exhaust Emission
 Introduction
 Measurement of Exhaust Emission
 Instrumentation

 Stack Emission
 Introduction
 Stack
 Stack Emission Monitoring
 Discussion & Conclusion

 References
EXHAUST EMISSION
Introduction:
Emissions can be characterized, regulated, or controlled only if they can be
accurately measured. The increased health and environmental concerns about
diesel emissions resulted in the development of a wide range of measurement
techniques of different levels of sophistication, equipment cost and accuracy, to
suit a variety of applications. Many techniques, especially those used for
regulatory purposes, are highly standardized to produce comparable results
even if performed at different testing laboratories.

 Measurements of Emissions - also called source sampling - when a particular

emission source is measured, generally by on the spot tests.
 Exhaust emissions:-
 Unburnt hydrocarbon( HC) , Oxides of carbon (CO2,CO) , NO,NO2 ,SO2,SO3
 Particulates, soot ,smoke
 First four are common to both SI and CI engines and last are mainly from ci engine
• Hydrocarbons (HC) are emission of unburned petroleum products being released into
the atmosphere.
• All petroleum products and made of hydrocarbons (hydrogen and carbon compounds)
this includes:
• Hydrocarbons are produced because of incomplete fuel combustion or fuel evaporation
• Carbon monoxide emission are exhaust emission that is the result of partially burned
fuel.
• A high carbon monoxide emission can be caused by a:
• Restricted or dirty air cleaner.
• Advance ignition timing.
• Clogged fuel injectors.
• Oxides of nitrogen, (NOx) are emission produced by extreme heat.
• Air consist of approximately 79% nitrogen and 21% oxygen
• When combustion chamber temperature reaches 2500 degrees F or 1370 degrees C
Measurement of Exhaust Emission:
• Substances emitted to atmosphere from any opening downstream of
exhaust port.
• For a complete combustion of stoichiometric mixture, the emission
only contains CO2 & H2O. (rare case)
• Mostly exhaust contains CO, UBHC & NOx.
• Numerous devices have been developed to measure exhaust
emissions.
Instrumentation:

1. FLAME IONISATION DETECTOR (FID)

2. SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSERS

3. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
1. Flame Ionisation Detector:
• It has flame ionization detector burner.
• A hydrogen-air flame contains negligible amount of ions.
• But if organic compounds such as HC are introduced, large number of
ions are produced.
• If a polarized voltage is applied across the burner jet and adjacent
collector, an ion migration will produce a current proportional to no.
of ions and thus to the HC concentration in the flame.
• The output of FID depends on no of C atoms passing through the
flame in a unit time.
• FID output is usually referred to a std HC, usually ppm of normal
heptane.
1. Flame Ionisation Detector:

• Presence of CO, CO2, NOx, water & N in exhaust have no effect on FID
reading.
• FID analyzer is a rapid, continuous and accurate method of measuring HC in
exhaust gas.
• Concentration as low as 1ppb can be measured.
2. Spectroscopic Analyser:

 Spectrum shows the light absorbed as a function of wavelength(or frequency).

 Each compound shows a different spectrum for light absorbed.
 All such analysers work on the principle that-
THE QUANTITY OF ENERGY ABSORBED BY A COMPOUND IN A
SAMPLE CELL IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE CONCN OF COMPOUND IN
THE CELL.

There are two types of Spectroscopic Analysers:

1. DISPERSIVE ANALYSER
2. NON-DISPERSIVE INFRA-RED(NDIR) ANALYSER
I. Dispersive Analyser:

• Use only narrow dispersed frequency of light spectrum to

analyse a compound.

• Usually not used for exhaust emission measurements

II. Non-Dispersive Infra-Red(NDIR) Analyser:
 The exhaust gas being measured is used to detect itself.
 Done by selective absorption.
 Infra red energy of particular wavelength or frequency is peculiar to a
certain gas.
 The gas will absorb the IR energy of this wavelength and transmit IR
energy of other wavelengths.
e.g.: absorption band for CO is b/w 4.5 & 5 microns.
So energy absorbed at this wavelength is an indication of concentration
of CO in exhaust gas.
• Consists of 2 IR sources, interrupted simultaneously
by an optical chopper.

• Radiation from the sources pass in parallel paths

through a reference cell and a sample cell to a
common detector in the opposite side.

• Sample cell contains sample to be analysed.

• This compound is not present in the reference cell.

• It usually contains inert gas, usually Nitrogen, which

doesn’t absorb IR energy for wavelength
corresponding to compound to be measured.

• A closed container filled only with the compound to

be measured works as detector.
• Detector is divided into 2 equal volumes by a
thin metallic diaphragm.

• When chopper blocks the radiation, pressure in

both parts of detector is same and diaphragm
remains in neutral position.

• As chopper blocks and unblocks radiation,

radiant energy from one source pass through
reference cell unchanged, whereas sample cell
absorb IR energy at wavelength of compound
in cell.
• The absorption is proportional to concentration of
compound to be measured in sample cell.

• This unequal energies are transmitted to 2

volumes of detector, and pressure difference thus
produced causes movement of diaphragm of
detector.

• This changes capacitance b/w diaphragm and a

fixed probe, thus generate ac signal, amplified,
rectified to dc & displayed on a meter.

• The signal is function of concentration of

measured compound.
3. Gas Chromatography:

• First individual constituents of a mixture are separated, and then they are
measured.

• After separation, each compound is separately analysed for concn.

• Only method by which each component existing in exhaust can be identified

& analysed.

• Time consuming, and samples need to be taken in batches.

• Primarily a lab tool.

STACK EMISSION
Introduction:
 Atmosphere which makes up largest fraction of the biosphere is the dynamic
system that continuously absorbs a wide range of solids, liquids and gases from
both man-made & natural sources.

 Undesirable change in physical, chemical & biological characteristics of air

which adversely effect the life is called AIR POLLUTION. The pollutants can
be dust, odour, mist, smoke, etc.

 There are various sources of emission of air pollutants and Industry is majorly
responsible for emitting air pollutants into the atmosphere.
Source: http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lj8vfzptb01qg5mwho1_500.gif
 The industry includes:-

 Iron & steel

 Thermal power plants
 Copper/zinc/aluminium smelters
 Oil refineries/ petrochemical industries
 Pesticides & fertilizer units, etc.

 Smoke emissions come out of power plants

by stacks.

Source: http://img.ehowcdn.com/article-
new/ehow/images/a08/c3/c1/five-different-types-air-pollution-
 The main pollutants are:-
 CO
 NOx
 CO2
 SOx
 SPM, etc.

 The gases emitted from the stack impair the composition of the
atmosphere. Thus causes air pollution. Therefore, analysis & monitoring
of pollutants is done.
Stack:
 A stack is a structure for venting hot flue gases or smoke from a
boiler, stove, furnace or fireplace to the outside atmosphere.

 These are typically vertical to ensure that the gases flow smoothly
through them.
 The height of stack plays an important role in their ability to transfer flue gases
and it varies for different industries.

 The dispersion of pollutants at a higher altitude helps reduce the influence of

pollutants in the surroundings.

 In the case of chemically aggressive output, the tall stack allows partial or
complete self-neutralization of chemicals in the air before they reach the
ground.

 The dispersion of pollutants over a large area reduces their concentration in

compliance with regulatory limits.
Stack Emission Monitoring:

 Stack monitoring is performed by inserting a

measuring device into the stack to obtain a
sample of flume.

 The purpose of stack sampling is to determine the

quantity, quality & the type of pollutants emitted
from a specific source, efficiency of the pollutant
collector & to determine an appropriate design for
air pollution control equipment.
Source:
http://www.motorship.com/__data/assets/image/0018/645210/varieties/carousel.jpg
Parameters to be considered….
Discussion and Conclusion:
 The objectives of monitoring emissions from stacks of these
industries are as follows:-

 to ensure that air emissions from the ongoing operation of

the industry are minimized
 to ensure that high quality data are available to model and
verify ambient air quality
 ensure that an emissions control strategy is in place
 to monitor air emissions & ambient air quality
References:
 Google
 Google Images
 Google Books

 Wikipedia

 Libgen.is

 e-Library, IIT Kharagpur

THANK YOU