ANATOMI SISTEM

ENDOKRIN

Heny Marlina Riskawaty.,Ners.,M.Kep

 FUNGSI SISTEM
ENDOKRIN SECARA
KESELURUHAN

REGULATION OF EFFECTORS TO
MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS
(REGULASI EFEKTOR UNTUK
MEMPERTAHANKAN KESEIMBANGAN)
 FUNGSI FUNGSI SISTEM
ENDOKRIN
• Keseimbangan cairan
• Kontraksi uterus dan pengeluaran
susu
• Pertumbuhan, metabolisme dan
maturasi jaringan
• Regulasi Ion
• Heart rate & Regulasi tekanan darah
• Kontrol Gula darah
• Regulasi sistem imun
• Kontrol fungsi reproduksi
 HORMON
Comes from the greek word hormaein which
means “to excite”
Mediator molecules released by the glands of the
endocrine system

KELENJAR ENDOKRIN
KELENJAR EXOKRIN
Produksi hormon
Produksi Sekresi ke dalam
yang di keluarkan
duktus/ducts
dan masuk
(kelenjar keringat, kelenjar
kedalam sistem sirkulasi
sebasea,
menuju jaringan target
mucous &
untuk mencapai
kelenjar pencernaan)
suatu respon
CHARACTERISTICS ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Mediator Hormon yang dibawa ke jaringan

molecules melalui darah
Cells affected Seluruh sel sel didalam tubuh

Time to onset Detik hingga jam atau hari

of action
Duration of Secara umum durasinya panjang
action
Jalur Hormones of the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary
Comparison between circulating hormones and local
hormones (autocrines and paracrines)
 Chemical Classes of Hormones

This chemical
1. Soluble in lipids classification is also
2. Soluble in water useful functionally
because the two
classes exert their
effects differently
 Lipid-Soluble Hormones

1. Steroid hormones
2. Two thyroid hormones (T3 and
T4)
3. The gas nitric oxide (NO) is both
a hormone and a neurotransmitter.
Its synthesis is catalyzed by the
enzyme nitric oxide synthase.
 Water-Soluble Hormones
1. Amine hormones  are synthesized by
decarboxylating (removing a molecule of
CO2) and otherwise modifying certain amino
acids. They are called amines because they
retain an amino group (—NH3).
– The catecholamines—epinephrine, norepinephrine,
and dopamine  are synthesized by modifying the
amino acid tyrosine.
– Histamine is synthesized from the amino acid
histidine by mast cells and platelets.
– Serotonin and melatonin are derived from
tryptophan.
2. Peptide hormones and protein hormones
Examples of peptide hormones are
antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin; protein
hormones include human growth hormone
and insulin.

3. The eicosanoid hormones The two major

types of eicosanoids are prostaglandins and
leukotrienes.
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
 The Pituitary Gland

• The pituitary gland is called the “master gland” but it is

under the control of the hypothalamus.
• Hypothalamus and pituitary gland control many other
endocrine functions.
• Pituitary Gland releases nine important peptide hormones
• All nine bind to membrane receptors and use cyclic AMP as
a second messenger
• Pituitary gland is divided into posterior and anterior lobe
The anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
Hormones of the adenohypophysis
• Anterior lobe of pituitary gland produces 7 hormones
– 1) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
• TSH triggers the release of thyroid hormones by the thyroid
glands
• Thyrotropin releasing hormone promotes the release of TSH
– 2) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• ACTH stimulates the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal
gland
• Corticotrophin releasing hormone causes the secretion of ACTH
– 3) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
• FSH stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion in
females and sperm production in males
– 4) Leutinizing hormone (LH)
• LH causes ovulation and progestin (progesterone) production in
females and androgen (testosterone) production in males
• Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) promotes the secretion
of FSH and LH
– 5) Prolactin (PH)
• PH stimulates the development of mammary glands and milk
production
– 6) Growth hormone (GH or somatotropin)
• GH stimulates cell growth and replication through release of
somatomedins or IGF
– Growth-hormone releasing hormone
(GH-RH)
– Growth-hormone inhibiting hormone
(GH-IH)
– 7) Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
• Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin
Posterior Pituitary
 The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
(neurohypophysis)

• The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes two

hormones: Antiduretic Hormone and Oxytocin.

– 1) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

• Decreases the amount of water lost at the
kidneys
• Elevates blood pressure
– 2) Oxytocin
• Stimulates contractile cells in mammary glands
• Stimulates smooth muscle cells in uterus
Thyroid Gland
• The follicular cells
produce two hormones:
thyroxine
( tetraiodothyronine/T4)
or T3
• A few cells called
parafollicular cells or C
cells lie between
follicles They produce
the hormone calcitonin
(which helps regulate
calcium homeostasis).
 The thyroid
• Thyroid gland is located near the thyroid cartilage of the larynx
• The two lobes of thyroid gland is connected by an isthmus
• Microscopically it has 2 distinct population of cells: Follicular Cell
(produce thyroid hormone) and C cell (produce calcitonin)
• Thyroid gland release several hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3)
• Thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) are transported by to thyroid binding
globulins (TBG), and albumin
• Functions of Thyroid hormones include:
– Increasing ATP production, when bound to mitochondria.
– Activating genes that control energy utilization, when bound to
receptors
– Exert a calorigenic effect
• C cells of thyroid gland produce calcitonin
– Calcitonin helps to regulate calcium concentration in body fluids
Parathyroid Gland

The parathyroid glands ;

- Each has a mass of about 40 mg
(0.04 g).
- Usually, one superior and one inferior
parathyroid gland are attached to
each lateral thyroid lobe for a total of
four.
Microscopically, the parathyroid glands
contain two kinds of epithelial cells :
• Chief (principal) cells, produce
parathyroid hormone (PTH), also
called parathormone.
• Oxyphil cell, is not known in a
normal parathyroid gland.
ADRENAL GLAND

• A flattened pyramidal shape.

• In an adult, each adrenal gland is
3–5 cm in height, 2–3 cm in width,
and a little less than 1 cm thick,
with a mass of 3.5–5 g, only half
its size at birth.
• The adrenal cortex produces: steroid hormones that are essential
for life.
– Zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoids
– Zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol
– Zona reticularis secretes androgens mainly aldosterone
• The adrenal medulla produces :
– three catecholamine hormones : norepinephrine, epinephrine,
and a small amount of dopamine.
Pancreas Gland

• The pancreas is both an

endocrine gland and an
exocrine gland.
• A flattened organ that
measures about 12.5–15
cm (5–6 in.) in length,
• Located in the curve of the
duodenum, the first part of
the small intestine, and
consists of a head, a body,
and a tail.
 Cell Types in the Pancreatic Islets

1. Alpha or A cells constitute about 17% of pancreatic

islet cells and secrete glucagon .
2. Beta or B cells constitute about 70% of pancreatic islet
cells and secrete insulin.
3. Delta or D cells constitute about 7% of pancreatic islet
cells and secrete somatostatin (to inhibit insulin &
glucagon secretion, to inhibit nutrition absorpsion from
intestinal)
1. F cells constitute the remainder of pancreatic islet cells
and secrete pancreatic polypeptide ( to inhibit
somastatin secretion, gallblader contraction & digestive
enzime secretion through pancreas)
• Roughly 99% of the
exocrine cells of the
pancreas are arranged in
clusters called acini
(produce digestive
enzymes), which flow into
the gastrointestinal tract
through a network of ducts.

• Scattered among the

exocrine acini are 1–2
million tiny clusters of
endocrine tissue called
pancreatic islets or islets
of Langerhans (serosa
fluid secretion consits of
intestinal enzime that entry
to ductus and small
intestine)
 OVARIES & TESTES

• Gonads are the organs that produce gametes—sperm in

males and oocytes in females.
• In addition to their reproductive function, the gonads
secrete hormones.
• The ovaries, paired oval bodies located in the female
pelvic cavity, produce several steroid hormones including
two estrogens (estradiol and estrone) and
progesterone.
• These female sex hormones, along with FSH and LH
from the anterior pituitary ;
– regulate the menstrual cycle, maintain pregnancy, and prepare the
mammary glands for lactation. They also promote
enlargement of the breasts and widening of the hips
at puberty, and help maintain these female
secondary sex characteristics.
• The ovaries also produce inhibin, a protein hormone
that inhibits secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH).
• During pregnancy, the ovaries and placenta produce a
peptide hormone called relaxin (RLX), which increases
the flexibility of the pubic symphysis during pregnancy
and helps dilate the uterine cervix during labor and
delivery.
• These actions help ease the baby’s passage by
enlarging the birth canal.
• The male gonads, the testes, are oval glands that lie in
the scrotum.
• The main hormone produced and secreted by the testes
is testosterone, an androgen or male sex hormone.
• Testosterone  stimulates descent of the testes before
birth, regulates production of sperm, and stimulates the
development and maintenance of male secondary sex
characteristics, such as beard growth and deepening of
the voice.
• The testes also produce inhibin, which inhibits secretion
of FSH.
 Pineal Gland
• The pineal gland is a small endocrine
gland attached to the roof of the third
ventricle of the brain at the midline.

• Part of the epithalamus, it is positioned

between the two superior colliculi, has a
mass of 0.1–0.2 g, and is covered by a
capsule formed by the pia mater.

• The gland consists of masses of neuroglia

and secretory cellscalled pinealocytes.
• The pineal gland secretes melatonin, an amine hormone derived
from serotonin.
• Melatonin appears to contribute to ;
– the setting of the body’s biological clock, which is controlled by the
suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus.
– liberated during darkness than in light
– To promote sleepiness.
 Thymus gland
• The thymus is located
behind the sternum between
the lungs.

• The hormones produced by

the thymus—thymosin,
thymic humoral factor
(THF), thymic factor (TF),
and thymopoietin 
promote the maturation of T
cells (a type of white blood
cell that destroys microbes
and foreign substances) and
may retard the aging process.