ChemE Definitions

DIKSHA BAJPAI
MAYURI TEMBE
PRIYANKA R.
SWATHI PRIYA S.
Carnot’s Theorem:
• Carnot’s Theorem states that for two given heat reservoirs no engine
can have a thermal efficiency higher than that of a Carnot engine.
• A corollary to Carnot’s theorem states that the thermal efficiency of a
Carnot engine depends only on the temperature levels and not on the
working substance of the engine.

Heat pump :
A heat pump is basically a heat engine run in the reverse direction. They
transfer heat from cold body to hot body by the expense of mechanical
energy supplied to it by an external agent. E.g.: Freezers and
Refrigerators.
Entropy(S):
• It’s a thermodynamic property that measures the randomness of the system.
It’s a state function . Entropy increases with the disorder.
• Isentropic process: The entropy of a system is constant during a reversible
adiabatic process.
• 
Kick’s law:
Kick’s law states that the work required for crushing a given mass of
material is constant for the same reduction ratio, that is , ratio of the initial
particle size to the final particle size.
=
Where = Kick’s law constant
, = volume surface mean diameters of feed and product, respectively
= power required per unit feed rate

•
• 
Rittinger’s law:
Rittinger’s law states that the work required in crushing is to the new
surface created.
=()
Where = Rittinger’s constant
, = volume surface mean diameters of feed and product, respectively
= power required per unit feed rate
• 
Bond crushing law:
Bond crushing law states that the work required to form particles of size
Dp from a very large feed is proportional to the square root of the
surface-to-volume ratio of the product.
=
Where depends on the type of machine and on the material to be
crushed.
Theorem of corresponding states:
a)Two parameter theorem of corresponding states:
All fluids , when compared at the same reduced temperature and
reduced pressure, have approximately the same compressibility factor,
and all deviate from ideal gas behaviour to about the same degree.
b) Three parameter theorem of corresponding states:
All fluids having the same value of acentric factor, when compared at the
same reduced temperature and reduced pressure , have about the same
value of compressibility factor, and all deviate from ideal gas behaviour to
about the same degree
Biot number:
• It is ratio of internal resistance to
surface resistance.
• Uses
Unsteady state heat transfer i.e.
for lumped parameter heat
analysis.
GRASHOFF NUMBER:
• It is defined as the ratio between the buoyancy forces and viscous
forces in fluids.
• It predict the natural convection is dominant or the forced conviction
and then you can use simpler approaches to calculate the heat transfer.
Heat and Temperature:
Pour point
Pour Point is the temperature at which a liquid becomes semisolid and
loses its flowing characteristics.

Cloud point
• Cloud point is the temperature at which wax (paraffin) begins to
separate when oil chilled to a low temperature
• It serves as an important indicator of practical performance in
automotive applications in low temperatures.
Smoke point:
• It  is the temperature at which it stops shimmering and starts smoking.
• The smoke point is also called the burning point of oil
• It can range from relatively low 325 F to very high (520 F).
Calorific value:
• Calorific value is the amount of heat energy present in food or fuel
• It is determined by the complete combustion of specified quantity at
constant pressure and in normal condition.

Fuel Calorific value (KJ/KG)

COAL 25000-33000
PETROL 45000
LPG 55000
Duhring's rule: 
• It that the ratio of the temperatures at which two solutions (one of
which can be pure water) exert the same vapor pressure is constant.
• The rule is often used to compare a pure liquid and a solution at a
given concentration.
Relative Volatility:
•Defined
  as the ratio of molar ratio of more volatile component to less
volatile component in vapour phase to that of in liquid phase

• Indicates the ease of separation of component A from component B

in a mixture
• The value of can be interpreted as driving force available for
distillation
Boil up ratio:
• The fractional amount of liquid that is boiled back into the distillation
column to the amount of liquid leaving the column in unit period.

Azeotropes:
• Azeotropes is a binary mixture with constant boiling point and
vapor composition same as liquid composition.
• Components cannot be separated by distillation
Fick’s law of molecular diffusion:
•  Molar flux of a given species in a given direction with respect to an
observer moving with molar average velocity is directly proportional
to the concentration gradient of the same species in the same
direction.
Octane number:
• Indicates the knocking tendency and performance of given fuel based on
comparison with a mixture of iso-octane and n-heptane in same standard
engine under same condition.
• Used for petrol

Cetane number:
• Indicates the ignition value of given fuel based on comparison with
the mixture of iso-cetane and alpha-methyl naphthalene
• Used for diesel.
Froude number:
• Froude number is the square root of the ratio of inertial force to
gravitational force.
• 
Hydraulic Radius:
• RH =
• Equivalent of any irregular cross section to equivalent circular cross
section.

Sherwood number:
• Sh
• Finding the mass transfer coefficient
• 
Power number:
• Np
• Resistance to the inertia force
• Mixing power for complete suspension

Lewis number:
• Le
• Relative measurement of thermal and concentration boundary layer
thicknesses.
• 
Newtons law of viscosity and different types
of fluid:

Fluid type Examples

Newtonian Water , Alcohol
Bingham Toothpaste
Pseudoplastic Milk
Dilatant Quick sand
Thixotropic Paint
Rheopectic Printer inks
Space time and Space Velocity:
• Time required to process one reactor volume of feed measured at
specified conditions.(time)
• Number of reactor volumes of feed at specified conditions which can
be treated in unit time.(time-1)
Back-mixing:
• The tendency of reacted materials to become mixed with unreacted
materials that are fed to stirred vessels or chemical reactors.
• The design of continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTRs) is based on
the assumption of instantaneous homogeneity.
• It is a concern in the design of plug flow reactors , which leads to a
departure from ideality.
ANY QUESTIONS ??