Machine Learning

By,
Vishnu Sankar
Roll no 51
 Agenda
• What is Machine learning
• Evolution
• Why it is important
• Machine Learning VS Artificial Intelligence
• Machine Learning VS Data Mining
• Who’s using it
• Types of methods
• Machine Learning Algorithms
• Limitations
• Key Takeaways
 What is Machine learning
• Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates
analytical model building.
• It is a branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that
systems can learn from data.
• Identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human
intervention.
Evolution of machine learning
 Why is machine learning important?
• Machine Learning is the core subarea of artificial
intelligence.
• It makes computers get into a self-learning mode
without explicit programming.
• When fed new data, these computers learn, grow,
change, and develop by themselves.
• The nearly limitless quantity of available data,
affordable data storage, and more powerful
processing has propelled the growth of machine
learning.
Machine Learning VS Artificial Intelligence
Machine Learning VS Data Mining
• Financial services
– Use mainly for two key purposes, to identify
important insights in data, and prevent fraud.
• Government
– Agencies like public safety have a particular need
for machine learning since they have multiple
sources of data that can be mined for insights
• Health care
– The advent of wearable devices and sensors that
can use data to assess a patient's health in real
time.
• Retail
– Websites recommending items we might like
based on previous purchases are using machine
learning to analyze our buying history.
• Oil and gas
– Finding new energy sources. Analyzing minerals
in the ground. Predicting refinery sensor failure.
• Transportation
– Analyzing data to identify patterns and trends is
key to the transportation industry, which relies
on making routes more efficient.
 Types of machine learning
methods?
• Supervised learning 
• Unsupervised learning
• Semi Supervised learning
• Reinforcement learning

Two of the most widely adopted machine learning methods

are Supervised learning and Unsupervised learning.
 Supervised learning

• Supervised learning algorithm uses labeled input and output data.

• It learns from the training dataset by iteratively making predictions
on the data.
• Require upfront human intervention to label the data.
• Goal is to predict outcomes for new data.
•  Ideal for spam detection, sentiment analysis, weather forecasting
and pricing predictions.
•  It is a simple method for machine learning, typically calculated
through the use of programs like R or Python.
• Supervised learning models can be time-consuming to train, and
the labeling requires expertise. 
 Unsupervised learning
• Unsupervised learning models work on their own to discover the
inherent structure of unlabeled data.
•  They still require some human intervention for validating output
variables.
• Goal is to get insights from large volumes of new data.
• Ideal for anomaly detection, recommendation engines and
medical imaging.
•  Need powerful tools for working with large amounts of
unclassified data.
• Computationally complex because they need a large training
set to produce intended outcomes.
• Can have wildly inaccurate results unless you have human
intervention to validate the output variables.
 Semi-supervised learning
• It  is a supervised learning where the training data contains
very few labeled examples and a large number of unlabeled
examples.
• It  falls between unsupervised learning (with no labeled
 training data) and supervised learning (with only
labeled training data).
• The goal is to make effective use of all of the available data,
not just the labeled data.
• A common example of an application of semi-supervised
learning is a text document classifier.
• It  allows for the algorithm to learn from a small amount of labeled
text documents.
• While still classifying a large amount of unlabeled text documents
in the training data.
 Reinforcement learning

• Reinforcement Learning is defined as a Machine Learning method

• That is concerned with how software agents should take actions in

an environment.
• Reinforcement Learning is a part of the deep learning method
• That helps you to maximize some portion of the cumulative
reward.
• The applications includes
– Robotics for industrial automation.
– Business strategy planning.

– Machine learning and data processing.

– Aircraft control and robot motion control.
 Machine Learning Algorithms
Here is the list of 5 most commonly used machine learning
algorithms. 

• Linear Regression
– It is used to estimate real values based on continuous variables.
– We establish a relationship between the independent and dependent
variables by fitting the best line.
• Logistic Regression
–  It is used to estimate discrete values based on a given set of independent
variables.
– ie it predicts the probability of occurrence of an event by fitting data to a logit
function.
• Decision Tree
– It is a type of supervised learning algorithm that is mostly used
for classification problems.
– Surprisingly, it works for both categorical and continuous dependent variables. 
• Naive Bayes
– Classification technique based on Bayes’ theorem with an assumption of
independence between predictors. 
– A Naive Bayes classifier assumes that the presence of a particular feature
in a class is unrelated to the presence of any other feature.
• Knn (k- Nearest Neighbors)
– It can be used for both classification and regression problems.
– K nearest neighbors is a simple algorithm that stores all available cases and
classifies new cases by a majority vote of its k neighbors.
 Limitations
• In some fields, machine-learning programs often fail to deliver
expected results.
• Reasons for this are numerous:
– lack of (suitable) data
– lack of access to the data
– Data bias
– Privacy problems
– Badly chosen tasks and algorithms
– Wrong tools and people
– lack of resources
• In 2018, a self-driving car from Uber failed to detect a pedestrian,
who was killed after a collision.
• Attempts to use machine learning in healthcare with the IBM
Watson system failed to deliver even after years of time and
billions of dollars invested.
 Key Takeaways

• Data is the lifeblood of all business.

• Data-driven decisions increasingly make the difference between
keeping up or falling further behind.
• Machine learning can be the key to unlocking the value of
corporate and customer data and enacting decisions
• That keep a company ahead of the competition.
Thank You..