2.

2 Movement And
Exchange Of Gases
In The Human Body

Contoso 1
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 The air inhaled in the alveolus has a higher
concentration of oxygen compared to the
concentration of oxygen in the blood.
Therefore, oxygen will diffuse through the wall
of the alveolus into the wall of capillaries and
into the blood.
Carbon dioxide released by the cells diffused
into the books capillaries and is transported to
the alveolus to be removed during exhalation.
A dark red-coloured compound (in our red blood
Blood with oxyhaemoglobin is transported from
cells) known as haemoglobin will combine with
the lungs to the heart and pumped to the other
oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin which is an
parts of the body.
unstable compound and bright red in colour.
When blood reaches the area around the body
In the body cells, the diffused oxygen oxidizes
cells that has a low concentration of oxygen, the
glucose molecules Into carbon dioxide,water
oxyhaemoglobin being an unstable compound
and energy through the process of cellular
will decompose to release oxygen molecules
respiration.
and change back into haemoglobin.
Contoso 2
S u i t e s
 ADAPTATIONS OF
THE ALVEOLAR
STRUCTURE

Thickness Of
Walls Of Moist Wall Of Network Of
Alveolus And Alveolus Capillaries Surface Area Of
Blood Covering The Alveolus
Capillaries Alveolus
- Allows
- Increases the respiratory - Increases the - Provide a large
rate of diffusion gases to rate of gaseous surface are for the
of gases across dissolve and exchange exchange of
the walls of diffuse into the between the gases
alveolus and blood capillaries alveolus
blood capillaries

Adaptations of The
Alveolar Structure
Contoso 3
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 Cigarette
tar

2.3 Health of Carbon

Human monoxide

Respiratory Sulphur

System dioxide

Nitrogen
dioxide
Substances That are Harmful to
Human Respiratory System
Haze,
pollen and
dust

Contoso 4
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Cigarette • Cigarette tar in inhaled air sticks to and kills
cells in the air passage such as:

Tar # thorax
# larynx
# pharynx
# bronchi
# epiglottis
# bronchioles

# alveoli
Contoso 5
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• Usually found in: #cigarette smoke
#exhaust gases of motor vehicles
• A colourless and odourless gas
• When carbon monoxide diffuses from alveoli into the blood
capillaries, it will combine chemically with haemoglobin to
form carboxyhaemoglobin ( a stable compound )

Carbon monoxide + haemoglobin =

carboxyhaemoglobin
Carbon
• causes shortage of oxyhaemoglobin in blood to transports
oxygen to body cells
Monoxide
• Causes the cells unable to produce the required amount of
energy through cellular respiration

Contoso 6
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• Normally produced by the
combustion of coal from power
stations
• A colourless gas with a pungent smell
• It irritates the air passage causing :
#cough
breathing
#difficulty in
Sulphur
#bronchitis #lung cancer
Dioxide

Contoso 7
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• Normally produced by the combustion of
feuls such as petrol and diesel in motor
vehicles
• A brown-coloured gas with a pungent
smell
• Irritates the air passage and causes :
#cough #asthma Nitrogen
#difficulty in breathing Dioxide

Contoso 8
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• Refers to solid particles which are fine,
light and suspended in the air
• Haze and dust are produced from:
#motor vehicle exhaust
#open burning #forest fires
• Pollen released from anthers into the air is Haze,
carried by the wind over long distances in Dust and
Pollen
all directions
• Haze , dust and pollen irritate the
respiratory system and cause respiratory
diseases (asthma)

Contoso 9
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 Respiratory Diseases and Their Symptoms
Asthma emphysema bronchitis Lung cancer

• Symptoms • A condition where the • An inflammation of • Caused by cancer

include: alveoli in the lungs are the bronchus causing chemical
damaged by harmful substances known as
substances In the air caused by tar and carcinogens which are
• shortness of • Cannot be cured but the irritants in cigarette inhaled during
breath symptoms can be smoke breathing
• wheezing controlled • Tar from cigarette smoke
• Symptoms include: contains various
• coughing • Symptoms include: carcinogens
• Shortness of breath
• Shortness of breath
• Pain when breathing and • Persistent coughing • Symptoms include:
feeling tired from doing • insomnia • Persistent coughing
even a light task • Blood in phlegm
• Pain when breathing

Contoso 10
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• A person who does not smoke but inhales cigarette
smoke is known as a passive smoker.
• The harmful effects of cigarette smoke to the human
respiratory system do not only happen in the body of
the smoker but also in the body of the passive smoker.

Effects of
Smoking
on The
Lungs
Contoso 11
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EFFECTS OF SMOKING TO THE BODY Contoso 12
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