NAME

THAT
ELEMEN
Iron

Fe
Strontium

Sr
Platinum

Pt
Barium

Ba
Mercury

Hg
Cadmium

Cd
Xenon

Xe
Astatine

At
Lead

Pb
Arsenic

As
 Chemical Symbols

• Before the year 1814, the chemical

symbols were expressed this way:

Element Symbol
Iron ♂
Copper ♀
Gold O
 Chemical Symbols

• Then Jon Jacob Berzelius (1779-1848), a

Swedish Chemist, started to use chemical
symbols.
• He used the initial letter of the element’s
Latin or common name in its capitalized
form as its chemical symbols
 Chemical Symbols

• Examples:
Carbon – C
Cobalt – Co
Helium – He
Antimony – Sb (Stibium)
Copper – Cu (Cuprum)
Potassium – K (Kalium)
 Chemical Formula
• A chemical formula is a notation used by
scientists to show the number and type of
atoms present in a molecule, using the
atomic symbols and numerical subscripts.
• It is a simple representation, in writing, of a
three dimensional molecule.
• It describes a substance, down to the exact
atoms which make it up.
 Chemical Formula

H2O - Water
Subscript - represents the number of each atom

H2O2 - Hydrogen Peroxide

CO2 - Carbon Dioxide

 Applied Chemistry
Writing Chemical Formula
SANICO, DIANA JEAN A.
 Objectives:

• Name compounds given their

chemical formula
• Write the chemical formula
given the name of the
compound
 Chemical Formula
• Ions refer to the name of atoms that have
gained or lost one or more electrons, leaving
them with a net charge.
• If atoms lose an electron, they gain a positive
charge and become (+) cations.
• While if it gains an electron, they take on a net
negative charge and become (-) anions.
• For the representative elements, the charge of
the ion is related to the column or group where
the element is.
 Chemical Formula
• In Group IA, the elements have only one
valence electron, losing that electron makes
them a +1 charge.
• Group IIA elements contain two valence
electrons.
– When they lose those electrons, they will have a +2
charge.
• Group IIIA elements have three valence
electrons, losing their three electrons forms +3
ions.
 Chemical Formula
• Group IVA elements are somehow of an
exception to the trends.
– Tin (Sn) and lead (Pb) can lose two or four electrons
to form +2 and +4 ions.
– Carbon, silicon, and germanium seldom form ions.
• In Group VA, elements contain a valence
electron of five.
– Since this group tends to be more electronegative,
(same with Group VIA and Group VII A) elements
will gain three, instead of losing electrons to have -3
charge.
 Chemical Formula
• Group VIA elements have six valence electrons in their
outer shell.
– They gain two more electrons to have a -2 charge.
• Group VIIA elements have seven valence electrons and
gain one electron to have a -1 charge.
• Transition metals are elements that are found in
groups IB to XB.
– These metals are capable of losing different numbers of
electrons and can take numerous ionic forms.
– The names of the transition metal ions contain Roman
numeral to indicate the ions’ charge, for example, lead (II)
nitrate has a +2 lead ion: Pb 2+
 Chemical Formula
• Procedure
– Determine the symbols of the elements in a compound.
• Magnesium – Mg
• Oxygen – O
• Sodium – Na
• Iron – Fe
– Identify the valence of each of the atoms. (Valence - the
number of electrons that are lost or gained by the atom
in chemical reaction)
– Write the positive elements’/radicals’ symbol first,
followed by that of negative.
• Example: Al +3 + Cl -1 AlCl3
Rules in Writing Chemical Formula
• Rule number 1. The criss-cross method
– Write the correct symbol of the elements.
– Above each symbol, write the correct valence.
• Ex. Mg+2 , Cl-1
– To obtain the proper subscript, the valence
number of the positive ion becomes the
subscript of the negative ion and vice versa.
– Ex. Magnesium Chloride
Mg+2 + Cl-1 MgCl2
Rules in Writing Chemical Formula
• Rule number 1. The criss-cross method
– Write the correct symbol of the elements.
– Above each symbol, write the correct valence.
• Ex. Mg+2 , Cl-1
– To obtain the proper subscript, the valence
number of the positive ion becomes the
subscript of the negative ion and vice versa.
– Ex. Strontium Nitride
Sr+2 + N-3 Sr3N2
Rules in Writing Chemical Formula
• Rule number 2. If the valence of both
elements/polyatomic ions is numerically
equal but greater than 1, the subscripts are
not also written.
– Ex. Magnesium Oxide
Mg+2 + O-2 Mg2O2 MgO
– Ex. Calcium Sulfate
Ca+2 + SO4-2 Ca2(SO4 CaSO4
)2
Rules in Writing Chemical Formula
• Rule number 3. If the polyatomic ion or
radical has a subscript of more than one, it
must be enclosed in the parenthesis (), then the
subscript is written outside the parenthesis.
– Ex. Ammonium oxide
NH4+1 + O-2 (NH4)2O
– Ex. Aluminum Hydroxide
Al+3 + OH-
Al2(OH
)3
Rules in Writing Chemical Formula
• Rule number 4. All subscript must be
reduced to the lowest ratio.
– Ex. Carbon Dioxide
C+4 + O-2 C2O4 CO2
2

– Ex. Magnesium Sulfide

Mg+2 + S-2 MgS
– Ex. Lead (IV) Oxide
PbO2
Pb + O
+4 -2
 DRILL

Zinc Iron (II) Iron (III) Gallium Silver Lead

Chloride
Acetate
Nitrate
Oxide
Nitride
Sulfate
 Chemical Nomenclature
What type of compound is it?
IONIC COMPOUND: COVALENT ACID:
Composed of cations COMPOUND: Produces H+ in water.
(metals or polyatomic Composed of 2 non-metal Typically the hydrogen
ions) and anions atoms which are bonded cation is written first in the
(nonmetals or polyatomic together by covalent chemical formula.
ions). bonding.

TYPE III:
TYPE I: TYPE II: Covalent, ACIDS: OXYACIDS:
Only one type More than nonionic. Anion does Anion does
of cation is one type of not contain contains
observed. cation is oxygen. oxygen.
observed.
 Rules for Naming Cations
• Cations formed from metal atoms have the
same name as the metal with the word ion

Ca2+ Calcium
ion

Na+ Sodium ion

Al3+ Aluminum ion

 Rules for Naming Cations
• If a metal can form a different cations, the
positive charge is indicated by a Roman
numeral in parenthesis following the name of
the metal
– An older method can be used to distinguish between
2 differently charged atom by changing the ending
to –ous (lower charge) or –ic (higher charge)
Iron (II) ferrous
Fe2+
Iron (III) ferric
Fe3+
Cu+ copper (I) cuprous
Cu2+ copper (II) cupric
 Rules for Naming Cations

Cation Systematic Common Cation Systematic Common

Name Name Name Name
Cr2+ chromium(II) chromous Cu2+ copper(II) cupric

Cr3+ chromium(III) chromic Cu+ copper(I) cuprous

Mn2+ manganese(II) manganous* Hg2+ mercury(II) mercuric

Mn3+ manganese(III) manganic* Hg22+ mercury(I) mercurous†

Fe2+ iron(II) ferrous Sn4+ tin(IV) stannic

Fe3+ iron(III) ferric Sn2+ tin(II) stannous
Co2+ cobalt(II) cobaltous* Pb4+ lead(IV) plumbic*
Co3+ cobalt(III) cobaltic* Pb2+ lead(II) plumbous*
 Rules for Naming Cations
• Cations formed from non-metal atoms have
names that end in –ium

NH4+ Ammonium
H3O+
Hydronium
 Rules for Naming Anions
• The names of the monoatomic anions are
formed by replacing the name of the
element with –ide.
Cl- Chloride

O2- Oxide

N3- Nitride
 Rules for Naming Anions
• Polyatomic anions containing oxygen or
oxyanions have names ending in –ate or –ite.
– -ate for the highest number of O atoms, -ite for the
fewer
NO3- Nitrate
NO2- Nitrite
SO42- Sulfate
SO32- Sulfite

PO43- Phosphate
Phosphite
PO33-
 Rules for Naming Anions
• For oxyanions that extends to 4 member,
prefixes are used.
– Prefix per- is used for oxyanions with one O atom
more than the oxyanion ending in –ate
– Prefix hypo- indicated one atom fewer than the
oxyanion ending in -ite
perchlorate
ClO4 -
chlorate
ClO3-
chlorite
ClO2-
hypochlorit
ClO- e
 Rules for Naming Anions
• Anions derived by adding H + to an oxyanion are
named by adding as a prefix, the word hydrogen
or dihydrogen as appropriate.
– H+ reduces the negative charge of the anion by one
(making it different from acids)
– An older method uses the prefix bi- (bi carbonate,
bisulfate)

HCO3- Hydrogen carbonate bicarbonate

HSO4- Hydrogen sulfate bisulfate
HSO3- Hydrogen sulfite bisulfite
Rules for Naming Ionic Compounds
• Binary Compounds of Metals and Non-Metals
– In naming binary compounds that contain metal
and nonmetal, the cation (metal) is named first and
the anion (nonmetal) second.
– The name of the metal is the same as the elements,
while the nonmetals are named by using the root
name of the element followed by the suffix ide; for
example, chloride.
NaCl Sodium Chloride
CaBr2 Calcium Bromide
Rules for Naming Ionic Compounds
• Other ways of naming binary compounds
containing metal of variable valence are through the
Traditional and Stock method.
– Traditional Method – the traditional name of metal
ending -ous is used to the ion of lower oxidation number
and the ending -ic to the ion of higher oxidation number
followed by the name of the nonmetal with the suffix –
ide.
– This system uses the Latin root of the name of the
element.
FeO Ferrous Oxide
Fe2O3 Ferric Oxide
Rules for Naming Ionic Compounds

Element Latin name   Element Latin name

copper cuprum   lead plumbum

gold aurum   silver argentum

iron ferrum   tin stannum

Rules for Naming Ionic Compounds
• Other ways of naming binary compounds
containing metal of variable valence are
through the Traditional and Stock method.
– In the Stock Method, the English name of the
element is written first followed by the
oxidation number written in Roman numeral
(enclosed in parenthesis) then the name of the
nonmetal with the suffix –ide.
FeO Iron (II) Oxide
Fe2O3 Iron (III) Oxide
Rules for Naming Ionic Compounds
• Tertiary compounds are those compounds
that are composed of more than two
elements.
– It is the combination of a monoatomic cation
with polyatomic anion.
– The name of the cation is written first followed
by the name of the anion which ends in -ite or
-ate.
Rules for Naming Ionic Compounds
Nitrite NO2 - Hypochlorite ClO -

Nitrate NO3 - Chlorite ClO2 -

Sulfite SO3 2- Chlorate ClO3 -

Sulfate SO4 2- Perchlorate ClO4 -

Phosphite PO3 3- Permanganate MnO4 -

Phosphate PO4 3- Acetate C2H3O2 -

Carbonate CO3 2- Ammonium NH4 +

Hydroxide OH - Iodate IO3 -

Rules for Naming Ionic Compounds
• Tertiary compounds are those compounds
that are composed of more than two
elements. Sodium Sulfate
Na2SO4
Potassium Nitrite
KNO2
 Rules for Naming Covalent
Compounds
• For a covalent compound containing two
nonmetals, the positive ion is named first
followed by the name of the negative ion ending
-ide.
• For the first ion, no prefix is required but on
the second ion, a prefix is always important.
• However, if the first ion contains more than 1, a
prefix is used to denote the number of positive
ions. (No subscript in ions means it is 1)
 Rules for Naming Covalent
Compounds
• Commonly used prefixes:
Mono 1 Hexa 6
Di 2 Hepta 7
Tri 3 Octa 8
Tetra 4 Nona 9
Penta 5 Deca 10
Rules for Naming Covalent
Compounds

CO Carbon Monoxide

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

P2O5 Diphosphorus Pentoxide

N6O4 Hexanitrogen Tetroxide

 Rules for Naming Acids
• Binary Acids – these are formed when
halogens or any elements, except oxygen,
combines with hydrogen.
– The word hydro is written first, followed by the
name of the anion that ends in ic and then adds
the word acid.
HCl Hydrochloric acid
HF Hydroflouric acid
 Rules for Naming Acids
• Oxy or Ternary Acids (contains hydrogen and
a polyatomic anion)
– The name of the polyatomic ions which end in ate
is changed to -ic and then adds the word acid.
– The name of the polyatomic ions which end in ite
is changed to -ous and the word acid is added.
HNO3 Nitric acid
Sulfuric acid
H2SO4
Sulfurous acid
H2SO3
Phosphorous acid
H3PO3