DATA MANAGEMENT

DATA MANAGEMENT
BASIC CONCEPTS OF STATISTICS AND
DEFINITIONS
BASIC CONCEPTS OF STATISTICS AND DEFINITIONS

 STATISTICS
– it involves the use of scientific methods and techniques in collecting,
presenting, organizing, analyzing and interpreting numerical figures.

Definitions of Terms
1. VARIABLE – it is differentiating property of subjects or respondents that vary from
one situation to another.
Example: gender, religion, salary, socio-economic status etc.
 BASIC CONCEPTS OF STATISTICS AND DEFINITIONS

TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF VARIABLE

Qualitative Variables Quantitative Variables

EXAMPLES
express characteristics that Discrete Variable
amount or values that can be Variable
Continuous
cannot be measured counted or measured, and
religion zip code Example • areExample
measured on
numerically. plate number  can be counted
analyzed using the four
number of errors a scale, can be
fundamentals operations.
numerically. volumeexpressed
of grape juice
in a in a
gender student number in a final exam
Hence, it takes tetra pack
fractions,
a whole decimals, integers
number of siblings acceleration
political affiliation number value. or percent
 BASIC CONCEPTS OF STATISTICS AND DEFINITIONS

2. OBSERVATION - it is any characteristics, value or information about

the variable
Example
test scores differences in responses (yes/no, open-ended)

3. DATA – it refers to the set of observations gathered from subjects

or respondents.
Example
opinion number of students vaccinated
BASIC CONCEPTS OF STATISTICS AND DEFINITIONS

4. INDICATOR – these are the data that directly measure the variables being
studied.
Example
The schools’ division superintendent wants to know if the feeding
program implemented among the elementary schools last year has
been successful

The indicators to measure the success of the

program are the weights and heights of the pupils
before and after the feeding program.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF STATISTICS AND DEFINITIONS

5. POPULATION – this is the group of all the individuals, subjects or objects

considered in the study; is any large collection of objects or
individuals
Example weather patterns monitored within a period of time

college students registered voters

6. SAMPLE – this is a representative portion taken from the population where

data is actually taken.
Example
freshman students male or female registered voters
BASIC CONCEPTS OF STATISTICS AND DEFINITIONS

PARAMETERS STATISTIC

– these are the attributes or

properties that are common –these
Sample:aremale
the attributes or took
students who
Population: college students who properties
for every member in a the NCII that are common for every
took the NCII member in a sample; is any
population; any summary
Statistic: number,
summary 3000, and the
like an average or
Parameters: N=5000
number, like and average
an average or
average agethat
percentage, is 17 years old
describes the
agepercentage,
is 18 years that
old describes
sample
the entire population.
Example Example

The average age of the 5000
college students who took the
NCII is 18 years old.
Of the 5000 college students who
took the NCII, 3000 students are
male. The average age of the male
students
BASIC CONCEPTS OF STATISTICS AND DEFINITIONS

UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS BIVARIATE ANALYSIS

– this is the simplest – it is a form of data analysis

form of data analysis involving tow variables. It is
used to explain the
involving only one relationship or difference
variable between two variables.
Example:
Example:
height of the individual
height and weight
mean age of freshman
number of signage and accidents
students
ANSWER ACTIVITY 1. BASIC
CONCEPTS IN STATISTICS
AND DEFINITIONS.
DATA MANAGEMENT
DESCRIBING DATA WITH GRAPHS
DESCRIBING DATA WITH GRAPHS

GRAPH/CHARTS

- a statistical device that present quantitative and qualitative data.

- it simplifies and summarizes significant details about important

aspects and implications of data it is representing.

- it facilitates better interpretation and analysis by bringing out

hidden facts and relationships between among variables under
study.
DESCRIBING DATA WITH GRAPHS

1. It must accurate. Guidelines in

describing data
2. It should be clear and unambiguous using graphs or
so that charts and graphs are easy to charts
read and understand.

3. It should be simple and uncomplicated.

4. It is attractive, neat, appealing and with a professional

look.
Graphs for Quantitative Data
1. Bar Graph - it is constructed to compare data sizes and frequencies
- it consists of rectangular bars of equal widths aligned
horizontally and vertically.
Example
Graphs for Quantitative Data

2. Pie Chart - this statistical device shows the part or division of the categories to
the whole.

Example
 Graphs for Quantitative Data

3. Line Graph – this is a graphical device that is effective in showing a

trend over a period of time.
- It is also a useful tool in showing the relationship
between two or more sets of data
Example
Graphs for Quantitative Data

4. Pictograph – this graphical representation of data uses symbols or pictures that

represent a standard value.
Example
Graphs for Quantitative Data

5. Stem and Leaf Plots - this kind of graph presents the data using actual numerical
values of each data point.
Example
 Graphs for Qualitative Data
Since most qualitative data can be counted, the pie charts and bar graphs are the most
functional and appropriate graphical devices to be used in displaying the information
generated from these data.

The teacher identified the religious affiliation of the four hundred students

Religion Frequency Relative Percent Angle(degree)

frequency
Roman Catholic 260 260/400 = 6.5 65% 0.65 x 360 = 234.0
7th Day Adventist 93 93/400 = 0.23 23% 0.23 x 360 = 82.8
Iglesia ni Cristo 12 12/400 = 0.03 3% 0.03 x 360 = 10.8
Born Again Christian 35 35/400 = 0.09 9% 0.09 x 360 = 32.4
Total 400 1 100% 360
 Bar Graphs for Student’s Religious Affiliation
Religion Frequency

Frequency Roman Catholic 260

300 7th Day Adventist 93
Iglesia ni Cristo 12
250 Born Again Christian 35
Total 400
200

Frequency
150

100

50

0
Roman Catholic 7th Day adventist Iglesia ni Cristo Born Again Christian
 ANSWER ACTIVITY 2.
DESCRIBING DATA WITH
GRAPHS
 THANK YOU!
God Bless!

Prepared by Ms. Edesa L. Jarabejo