Introduction to AI –Preparation

for Exercise 1.1

(Part 5)

Mary Jane C. Samonte – Mapua University - Philippines

PREPARATION FOR
EXERCISE 1.1
▫ Exercises 1.1 questions are from
1. the YouTube video “How Far is Too Far? | The Age of A.I.” (
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UwsrzCVZAb8)

2. this Introduction to AI – Preparation Slides

▫ Search the missing word or words in the Internet and watch the
given video link too

▫ This will help you answer Exercise 1.1 next meeting.

▫ An activity next meeting will be submitted during our class
hours….that is why this is very important!

▫ If you miss this opportunity to prepare today….you will get a

 Abridged history of AI
▪ 1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of BRAIN
▪ 1950 Turing's "Computing Machinery and INTELLIGENCE"
▪ 1956 Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted
▪ 1952—69 Look, Ma, no hands!
▪ 1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers
program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist,
Gelernter’s GEOMETRY Engine
▪ 1965 Robinson's complete ALGORITHM for logical reasoning
 Abridged history of AI
▪ 1966—73 AI discovers computational complexity
Neural network research almost disappears
▪ 1969—79 Early development of knowledge-based systems
▪ 1980-- AI becomes an INDUSTRY
▪ 1986-- Neural networks return to popularity
▪ 1987-- AI becomes a SCIENCE
▪ 1995-- The emergence of intelligent agents
 State of the art
▪ Deep Blue defeated the reigning world CHESS champion
Garry Kasparov in 1997
▪ Proved a MATHEMATICAL conjecture (Robbins
conjecture) unsolved for decades
▪ No hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of the
time from Pittsburgh to San Diego)
▪ During the 1991 GULF War, US forces deployed an AI
logistics planning and scheduling program that involved up
to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people
 State of the art
▪ NASA's on-board autonomous planning program
controlled the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft
(Sojourner, Spirit, and CURIOSITY explore Mars).
▪ NASA Remote Agent in Deep Space I probe explores
solar system.
▪ Proverb solves CROSSWORD puzzles better than most
humans
▪ DARPA grand challenge 2003-2005, Robocup
Includes autonomous vehicle navigates across desert and
then urban environment.
 State of the art
▪ iRobot Roomba automated vacuum cleaner, and
PackBot used in Afghanistan and Iraq wars.
▪ Automated speech/language systems for AIRLINE
travel.
▪ Spam filters using machine learning.
▪ Question answering systems automatically answer
factoid questions.
▪ Usable machine translation thru Google.
Does AI have applications?
▫ Autonomous planning and scheduling of
tasks aboard a spacecraft
▫ Beating Gary Kasparov in a chess match
▫ Steering a driver-less car
▫ Understanding language
▫ Robotic assistants in surgery
▫ Monitoring trade in the stock market to see
if insider trading is going on
 A Rich Pre-History of AI
▪ Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as
physical
system foundations of learning, language,
rationality
▪ Mathematics Formal representation and proof algorithms,
computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability,
PROBABILITY
▪ Economics utility, decision theory
▪ Neuroscience physical substrate for mental activity
 A Rich Pre-History of AI
▪ Psychology phenomena of perception and motor
control, experimental techniques

▪ Computer engineering building fast computers

▪ Control theory design systems that maximize an

objective function over time

▪ Linguistics knowledge representation, grammar

 Philosophy
▪ Dealt with questions like:
▫ Can formal rules be used to draw valid conclusions?
▫ Where does knowledge come from? How does it lead to action?
▪ David HUME proposed the principle of induction (later)
▪ Aristotle -
▫ Given the end to achieve
▫ Consider by what means to achieve it
▫ Consider how the above will be achieved …till you reach the first
cause
▫ Last in the order of analysis = ?---- in the order of action
▫ If you reach an impossibility, abandon search
Mathematics
▫ Boolean Logic(mid 1800’s)
▫ Intractability (1960’s)
▫ Polynomial Vs EXPONENTIAL growth
George Boole
▫ INTELLIGENT behaviour = tractable
subproblems,
not large intractable problems.
▫ Probability
▫ Gerolamo CARDANO (1500’s) -
probability in terms of outcomes of Cardano
gambling events
 Economics
▪ How do we make decisions so as to maximize payoff?
▪ How do we do this when the payoff may be far in the
future?
▪ Concept of UTILITY (early 1900’s)
▪ GAME Theory (mid 1900’s)

Leon ?----
 Neuroscience
▪ Study of the nervous system, esp. brain
▪ A collection of simple CELLS can lead to
thought and action
▪ CYCLE time: Human brain- microseconds
Computers- nanoseconds
 The brain is still 100,000 times faster
 Psychology
▪ Behaviourism- stimulus leads to RESPONSE
▪ Cognitive science
▫ Computer models can be used to understand
the psychology of memory, LANGUAGE and
thinking
▫ The brain is now thought of in terms of
computer SCIENCE constructs like I/O units,
and processing center
 Control Theory
▪ CTESIBIUS of Alexandria- water
clock with a regulator
▪ Purposeful behaviour as arising from
a regulatory mechanism to minimize
the difference between goal state and
current state (“ERROR”)
 A Rich Pre-History of AI
▪ 50s/60s: Early successes! AI can draw logical conclusions,
prove some theorems, create simple plans… Some initial
work on neural networks…
▪ Led to overhyping: researchers promised funding agencies
spectacular progress, but started running into difficulties:
▪ Ambiguity: highly funded translation programs (Russian to
English) were good at syntactic manipulation but bad at
disambiguation
Lost in translation ---AI
English → Russian (or Spanish)→ English
“The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak” →

→ Дух охотно готов, но плоть слаба →

→ “The vodka is good, but the meat is rotten”

(Actually: “ SPIRIT is willingly ready, but flesh is weak” or

“The alcohol is arranged, but the meat is weak”)
AI in History
▪ 70s, 80s: Creation of expert systems (systems
specialized for one particular task based on
experts’ knowledge), wide industry adoption
▪ Again, overpromising…
▪ … led to AI winter(s)
▪ Funding cutbacks, bad reputation
Modern AI
▪ More rigorous, scientific, formal/mathematical
▪ Fewer grandiose promises
▪ Divided into many subareas interested in
particular aspects
▪ More directly connected to “neighboring”
disciplines
 Modern AI
▪ Theoretical computer science, statistics,
economics, operations research, biology,
psychology/neuroscience, …
▪ Some senior AI researchers are calling for re-
integration of all these topics, return to more
grandiose goals of AI
▪ Somewhat risky proposition for graduate
students and junior faculty…
Modern AI-Autonomous
robots
Personalization,
recommendation
 Lessons from AI research
▪ Clearly-defined tasks that we think require
intelligence and education from humans tend to be
doable for AI techniques
▪ Playing chess, drawing logical inferences from
clearly-stated facts, performing probability
calculations in well-defined environments, …
 Lessons from AI research
▪ Although, scalability can be a significant issue
▪ Complex, messy, ambiguous tasks that come
natural to humans (in some cases other animals)
are much harder
▪ Recognizing your grandmother in a crowd, drawing the
right conclusion from an ungrammatical or ambiguous
sentence, driving around the city, …
 Lessons from AI research
▪ Humans better at coming up with reasonably good
solutions in complex environments
▪ Humans better at adapting/self-evaluation/creativity
(“My usual strategy for chess is getting me into trouble
against this person… Why? What else can I do?”)
 Watch this video
▪ How Far is Too Far? | The Age of A.I.

▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UwsrzCVZAb8
Next…More on AI applications