MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT – G P AHMEDABAD

MID SEMESTER REVIEW

UNIT-1 LINEAR AND OF
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MEASUREMENT
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF
HEAT POWERED REFRIGERATOR
(METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTION -3341905)
PREPARED BY
(1) Patel Aaryan S. (196178319005)
MR. K K SURANI
GUIDED BY
(2) Prajapati Rakesh R. (196178319010)
PROF. K K SURANILECTURER IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(3) Rana Nigam D. (196178319011)
(4) Thasariya
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC- Siddiq F. (196178319015)
AHMEDABAD
(5) Vanjara Narendra M. (196178319016)
(6) Zinzuvadiya Yashesh K. (176170319123)
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
1 INTRODUCTION
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2 LITERATURE SURVEY
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3 ADVANTAGES
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4 COMPARISON OF VAR AND VCR

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5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
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6 REFERENCES
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INTRODUCTION

• An absorption refrigerator is a refrigerator that uses a heat source (e.g., solar energy, Governme

a fossil-fueled flame, waste heat from factories, or district heating systems) to nt
provide the energy needed to drive the cooling process. Polytechni
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• The system uses two coolants, the first of which performs evaporative cooling and is Ahmedaba
then absorbed into the second coolant; heat is needed to reset the two coolants to d
their initial states.
• The principle can also be used to air-condition buildings using the waste heat from
a gas turbine or water heater.
• Using waste heat from a gas turbine makes the turbine very efficient because it first
produces electricity, then hot water, and finally, air-conditioning, regeneration.
• Absorption refrigerators are commonly used in recreational vehicles (RVs), campers,
and caravans because they can be powered with propane fuel, rather than electricity.
• Unlike more common vapour-compression refrigeration systems, an absorption
refrigerator can be produced with no moving parts other than the coolants.
WORKING PRINCIPLE

• Common absorption refrigerators use a refrigerant with a very Governme

low boiling point (less than −18 °C (0 °F)) just like compressor nt
refrigerators. Polytechni
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• Compression refrigerators typically use an HCFC or HFC, while Ahmedaba
absorption refrigerators typically use ammonia or water and need at d
least a second fluid able to absorb the coolant, the absorbent,
respectively water (for ammonia) or brine (for water).
• Both types use evaporative cooling: when the refrigerant evaporates
(boils), it takes some heat away with it, providing the cooling effect.
• The main difference between the two systems is the way the
refrigerant is changed from a gas back into a liquid so that the cycle
can repeat.
• An absorption refrigerator changes the gas back into a liquid using a
method that needs only heat, and has no moving parts other than the
fluids.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
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• The absorption cooling cycle can be described in three phases:
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• Evaporation: A liquid refrigerant evaporates in a low partial Ahmedaba
pressure environment, thus extracting heat from its surroundings (e.g. the d
refrigerator's compartment). Because of the low partial pressure, the
temperature needed for evaporation is also low.

• Absorption: The second fluid, in a depleted state, sucks out the now gaseous
refrigerant, thus providing the low partial pressure. This produces a
refrigerant-saturated liquid which then flows to the next step:

• Regeneration: The refrigerant-saturated liquid is heated, causing the

refrigerant to evaporate out.
SIMPLE ABSORPTION SYSTEM

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BASIC COMPONENTS OF VARS
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Basic components of a basic Vapor absorption refrigeration are: Polytechni
• Generator c
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• Pump d
• Absorber
• Condenser
• Evaporator
• Expander or Throttling device
And some other components like rectifier, analyzer and heat exchanger.
DEVICE CONSTRUCTION

◉Like a standard vapour compression system, a vapour absorption system Governme

also consists of a condenser, an expansion valve and an evaporator. nt
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◉These three devices have exactly the same function as in the vapour c
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compression system d
◉Instead of a mechanical compressor, the vapour absorption system
achieves the compression by the application of heat – thermal
compression.
◉Hence, to achieve this it has a refrigerant absorber, a liquid
pump, a heat
exchanger (thermal compression), an analyzer and a rectifier (for
separating the solvent from the refrigerant).
SIMPLE AMMONIA - WATER VAR

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OPERATIONAL STEPS
◉Dry ammonia vapor at low pressure passes in to the absorber from the evaporator.
◉In the absorber the dry ammonia vapor is dissolved in cold water and strong solution Governme
of ammonia is formed. nt
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◉Heat evolved (heat of absorption) during the absorption of ammonia in water is c
removed by circulating cold water through the coils kept in the absorber. Ahmedaba
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◉The highly concentrated ammonia solution (known as Aqua Ammonia) is then
pumped by a liquid pump to the generator through a heat exchanger.
◉In the heat exchanger, strong ammonia solution is heated by the hot weak solution
returning from the generator to the absorber.
◉Regeneration: The refrigerant-saturated liquid is heated by some available means (e.g.
steam coils, gas, electricity or solar heating) , causing the refrigerant to evaporate out.
◉The hot gaseous refrigerant passes through a heat exchanger, transferring its heat
outside the system (such as to surrounding ambient-temperature air), and condenses.
The condensed (liquid) refrigerant supplies the evaporation phase.
OPERATIONAL STEPS CONT...
◉The boiling point of ammonia is less than that of water, hence the vapours leaving the
generator are mainly of ammonia. Governme
◉The weak ammonia solution is left in the generator is called weak aqua. nt
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◉This weak solution (rich in water and depleted with ammonia) is returned to the absorber c
through the heat exchanger. Ahmedaba
◉Ammonia vapor leaving the generator may contain some water vapor. d

◉If this water vapor is allowed to enter the condenser and the expansion valve, it may freeze
there resulting in chocked flow.
◉Hence, analyzer and rectifiers are incorporated in the system before condenser.
◉The ammonia vapor from the generator passes through a series of trays in the analyzer
and ammonia is separated from water vapor.
◉The separated water vapor is returned to the generator.
◉Then the ammonia vapor passes through a rectifier.
◉The rectifier resembles a condenser and water vapor still present in ammonia vapor
condenses and the condensate is returned to analyzer.
OPERATIONAL STEPS CONT...
◉Then, at last, virtually pure ammonia vapor passes through the condenser.
◉The latent heat of ammonia vapor is rejected to the cooling water circulated Governme
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through the condenser and the ammonia vapor is condensed to liquid ammonia. Polytechni
◉The high pressure liquid ammonia is throttled by an expansion valve or throttle c
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valve to low pressure liquid. d
◉This reduces the high temperature of the liquid ammonia to a low value and
liquid ammonia partly evaporates (some flashing).
◉Then this two phase mixture (mostly liquid) is led to the evaporator.
◉In the evaporator the liquid fully vaporizes.
◉The latent heat of evaporation is obtained from the brine (as a secondary
refrigerant) or other objects/material which is being cooled.
◉The low pressure ammonia vapor leaving the evaporator again enters the
absorber and the cycle is completed.
◉This cycle is repeated again to provide the refrigerating effect.
LITERATURE SURVEY

• Ouadha and El-Gotni (2013) analyzed ammonia-water vapour absorption Governme

refrigeration system driven by waste heat from marine diesel engine. The nt
analysis has been carried out for different operating conditions and outcomes Polytechni
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from the study revealed that better performance can be obtained at higher Ahmedaba
generator and evaporator temperatures keeping absorber and condenser d
temperature low. Also, an increase in effectiveness of solution heat exchanger
improves performance of the system.

• Han et al. (2013) carried out analysis of an ammonia-water based waste heat
driven hybrid compression-absorption refrigeration system. The proposed
hybrid system shared same condensing and evaporating unit and mid
temperature waste heat is first used in power generation for the operation of
compressor in compression refrigeration sub-system. Besides, remaining low
temperature waste heat can later be used in absorption refrigeration sub system
to generate ammonia vapours.
LITERATURE SURVEY

• Chen et al. (2015) carried out a simulation study of industrial waste heat Governme
driven absorption-compression refrigeration system to produce cooling in the nt
temperature range of (-30oC) – (55oC). The proposed combined system Polytechni
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consists of three sub-systems including an absorption refrigeration sub unit Ahmedaba
using ammonia-water as refrigerant-absorbent pair, ammonia-water mixture d
based power generating system and a compression refrigeration unit using
CO2 as working fluid.
• Cao et al. (2015) carried out simulation and modeling of waste heat driven
absorption cooling system for shipboard applications under transient
conditions and results obtained from the study were compared to conventional
vapour compression system.
ADVANTAGES OVER VAPOUR COMPRESSION
SYSTEM
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• Silent operation Polytechni
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• Cost effective Ahmedaba
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• Balanced pressure
• No need of valve
• No lubrication problem
• Less maintenance
COMPARISON OF VAR AND VCR
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ELECTROLUX AMMONIA REFRIGERATOR

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Front view Old advert of domestic

Rear view
(1933 Model) Electrolux fridge
(Introduced in 1925)
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
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The major objectives of the present work are as listed below:- Polytechni
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• To theoretically study the influences of various operating parameters on the d
performance of the system.

• To design, develop and fabricate a system of suitable capacity to carry out

experiments.
REFERENCES
1. A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning by R.K. Rajput
2. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by C. P. Arora (Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2000) Governme
3. Holman, J.P. [1994] Heat transfer, McGraw-Hill Book, New York nt
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4. Ouadha, A., & El-Gotni, Y. (2013). Integration of an ammonia-water absorption refrigeration c
system with a marine Diesel engine: A thermodynamic study. Procedia Computer Science, 19, Ahmedaba
754-761. d
5.Han, W., Sun, L., Zheng, D., Jin, H., Ma, S., & Jing, X. (2013). New hybrid absorption
compression refrigeration system based on cascade use of mid-temperature waste heat.
Applied Energy, 106, 383-390.
6. Chen, Y., Han, W., & Jin, H. (2015). An absorption-compression refrigeration system driven
by a mid-temperature heat source for low-temperature applications. Energy, 91, 215-225.
7. Cao, T., Lee, H., Hwang, Y., Radermacher, R., & Chun, H.H. (2015). Performance
Investigation of Engine Waste Heat Powered Absorption Cycle Cooling System for Shipboard
Applications. Applied Thermal Engineering, 90, 820-830.
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration
9. NPTEL lecture notes and Videos
10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDDmlT-HK1Y
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THANK YOU! nt
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&

ANY
QUESTIONS?