Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)

ME 268: Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering

(Model Lab)

Lecture 2
Refrigeration & Air conditioning

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Refrigeration

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What is Refrigeration??

❖ Refrigeration is the removal of heat from a

material or space so that its temperature is
lower than that of its surroundings.
❖ Heat transfer from lower temperature to higher
temperature.

✓ But according to thermodynamics it is not

possible until an extra work is done.

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How does it work??

High Temperature
Reservoir

Heat Rejected

Work Input
R

Heat Absorbed

Low Temperature Reservoir

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Applications

• Domestic Refrigeration
• Commercial Refrigeration
• Industrial Refrigeration
• Marine & Transportation Refrigeration
• Comfort Air Conditioning
• Industrial Air Conditioning

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Domestic Refrigeration

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Commercial Refrigeration
✓ Meats, poultry and fish all must be kept in climate-
controlled environments before being sold.

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Industrial Refrigeration

✓ Cold storage: for Fruits, Vegetables, Fish, Meat etc.

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Marine & Transportation Refrigeration

✓ In transportation temperature sensitive foodstuffs and other
materials by trucks, trains, airplanes and sea going

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Comfort Air-conditioning
✓ Comfort air-conditioning is for human comfort.
✓ It involves control of space temperature, humidity, ventilation and
air-motion and cleaning/filtering of air.

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Industrial Air-conditioning
✓ Air conditioning and dust removal of the machines is extremely
important in the weaving mill.

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Industrial Air-conditioning
✓ Air conditioning and dust removal of the machines is extremely
important in the weaving mill.

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Classifications

Based on Energy Input

❑ Vapor-Compression Refrigeration System

❑ Absorption Refrigeration System

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Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

►Most common refrigeration cycle in use today
►There are four principal
control volumes
involving these
components:
►Evaporator
►Compressor
►Condenser
►Expansion valve liquid-vapor
Two-phase
mixture

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Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

►The processes of this cycle are
Process 4-1: two-phase liquid-vapor
mixture of refrigerant is evaporated
through heat transfer from the
refrigerated space.
Process 1-2: vapor refrigerant is
compressed to a relatively high
temperature and pressure requiring
work input.
Process 2-3: vapor refrigerant
condenses to liquid through heat Two-phase
transfer to the cooler surroundings.liquid-vapor mixture

Process 3-4: liquid refrigerant

expands to the evaporator pressure. 15
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Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

3
Condenser
High Pressure
4 Side

Expansion Valve
Compressor

2 Low
1
Pressure
Side
Evaporator

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Key Components of a Refrigerator

1.Evaporator

2.Suction line

3.Vapor compressor

4. Hot gas/discharge line

5.Condenser

6.Receiver tank

7.Liquid line

8.Refrigerant flow control device

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Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

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Ammonia-Water Absorption Refrigeration

►Absorption
refrigeration systems
have important
commercial and
industrial applications.
►The principal
components of an
ammonia-water
absorption system are
shown in the figure. Absorber
coolant

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Ammonia-Water Absorption Refrigeration

►The left-side of the
schematic includes
components familiar
from the discussion of
the vapor-compression
system: evaporator,
condenser, and
expansion valve.
Only ammonia flows
through these
components. Absorber
coolant

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Ammonia-Water Absorption Refrigeration

►The right-side of the

schematic includes
components that
replace the compressor
of the vapor-
compression
refrigeration system:
absorber, pump, and
generator. These
components involve
Absorber
liquid ammonia-water coolant

solutions. 21
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Ammonia-Water Absorption Refrigeration

►A principal
advantage of the
absorption system is
that – for comparable
refrigeration duty – the
pump work input
required is much less
than for the
compressor of a
vapor-compression
Absorber
system. coolant

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Ammonia-Water Absorption Refrigeration

►Specifically, in the
absorption system ammonia
vapor coming from the
evaporator is absorbed in
liquid water to form a liquid
ammonia-water solution.
►The liquid solution is then
pumped to the higher
operating pressure. For the
same pressure range,
significantly less work is
required to pump a liquid
Absorber
solution than to compress a coolant

vapor.
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Ammonia-Water Absorption Refrigeration

►However, since only
ammonia vapor is
allowed to enter the
condenser, a means
must be provided to
retrieve ammonia vapor
from the liquid solution.
►This is accomplished
by the generator using
heat transfer from a
relatively high- Absorber
coolant

temperature source. 24
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Ammonia-Water Absorption Refrigeration

►Steam or waste heat
that otherwise might go
unused can be a cost-
effective choice for the
heat transfer to the
generator.
►Alternatively, the heat
transfer can be provided
by solar thermal energy,
burning natural gas or
other combustibles, and Absorber
coolant

in other ways. 25
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Refrigerant
• Desirable properties:
o High latent heat of vaporization - max cooling

o Non-toxicity (no health hazard)

o Desirable saturation temp (for operating pressure)

o Chemical stability (non-flammable/non-explosive)

o Ease of leak detection

o Low cost

o Readily available
• Commonly use FREON (R-12, R-114, etc.) 26
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Performance Parameter

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Air Conditioning

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Introduction to Air Conditioning

• The process of controlling & maintaining the
properties of air like temperature, humidity ,
purity , direction of flow etc. in a closed space.
• Refrigeration system is at heart of AC system

HVAC = Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning

ASHRAE = American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and

Air-Conditioning Engineers

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Factors Influencing Thermal Comfort

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Basic Air Conditioning System

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Basic Air Conditioning System

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HVAC Components

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HVAC Components - Condenser

1 Expansion
valve
2 Fan
3 Compressor
4 Heat
exchange coils

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HVAC Components – Air Handler

1 Heat exchange coils

2
2 Fan

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HVAC Components – Duct System

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HVAC Components – Duct System

Supply Ducts

Supply
Plenum

Air
Return Grille
Handler

Return
Plenum

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Typical HVAC System Cooling coil

•Heat transfer
Drain Pain from air to
•Removes refrigerant
moisture •Extended
condensed surface coil
from air
stream

Condenser

Expansion valve

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Typical HVAC Heating coil

•Heat transfer
System from
refrigerant to
air

Heat pump

Furnace

Boiler

Electric resistance

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Typical HVAC Blower

•Overcome
System pressure drop
of system

Adds heat to air

stream

Makes noise

Potential hazard

Performs
differently at
different
conditions (air
flow and
pressure drop)

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Duct system
Typical HVAC (piping for
System hydronic
systems)
•Distribute
conditioned
air
•Remove air
from space
Provides
ventilation

Makes noise

Affects comfort

Affects indoor
air quality

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Typical HVAC Diffusers

•Distribute
System conditioned
air within
room

Provides
ventilation

Makes noise

Affects comfort

Affects indoor
air quality

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Dampers
•Change
airflow
amounts

Controls outside
air fraction

Affects building
security

Typical HVAC
System

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Filter
•Removes
pollutants
•Protects
equipment

Imposes
substantial
pressure drop

Requires
Maintenance

Typical HVAC
System

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Controls Typical
•Makes
everything HVAC
work System
Temperature

Pressure (drop)

Air velocity

Volumetric flow

Relative humidity

Enthalpy

Electrical Current

Fault detection

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Conventional Air Conditioning System

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Window type Air Conditioner

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Anatomy of a Window type A/C

Outside
Low pressure Building
Cold gas
3 Hot, high
Pressure liquid

Inside 4
Building
Hot, high
Pressure gas

2
1
Room Temp
Low Pressure gas 48
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Split System A/C

❖ Condenser separates from the evaporator.

❖ It enables to locate the condenser elsewhere.

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Enough for today.

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