Cooling

Techniques II

Roman Bek
Universität Konstanz Fachbereich Physik
Freitag 27.11.2009
Outline
 Evaporation Cryostats
 Dilution Refrigerators
 Pomeranchuk Cooling
 Adiabatic Demagnetization
 Heat Leaks
 Summary
Evaporation Cryostats

 Principle of Operation
 Technical Realization
and Cooling Power
Evaporation Cryostats
Principle of Operation
Evaporation Cryostats
Technical Realization and Cooling Power
Evaporation Cryostats
Technical Realization and Cooling Power
Outline
 Evaporation Cryostats
 Dilution Refrigerators
 Pomeranchuk Cooling
 Adiabatic Demagnetization
 Heat Leaks
 Summary
Dilution Refrigerators
 Principle of Operation
 Technical Realization
 Cooling Power
 Thermal Boundary Resistance

and Heat Exchanger

Dilution Refrigerators
Principles of Operation

 3
He / 4He mixture at low temperature


Phase separation for more than 6.5% 3He
heavy phase: 6.5% 3He in 4He
light phase: 100% 3He


Higher entropy in heavy phase

→ Transfer of 3He from light to heavy phase

similar to evaporation
Dilution Refrigerators
Technical Realization
Dilution Refrigerators
Technical Realization
Dilution Refrigerators
Cooling Power
Dilution Refrigerators
Thermal Boundary Resistance


Acoustic Impedance: Z = ρ*v
ρ density, v acoustic velocity

 ZCu > ZHe


Transmission coefficient for phonons with perpendicular incidence:


For Cu/He: t ≈ 10-3

→ High thermal boundary resistance „Kapitza Resistance“ RK ~ T-3

Dilution Refrigerators
Heat Exchanger
Outline
 Evaporation Cryostats
 Dilution Refrigerators
 Pomeranchuk Cooling
 Adiabatic Demagnetization
 Heat Leaks
 Summary
Pomeranchuk Cooling

 Principle of Operation
 Technical Realization
 Cooling Power
Pomeranchuk Cooling
Principle of Operation
Phase diagram of 3He


dp/dT < 0 for T < 0.3K


Entropy of solid 3He is higher
than that of liquid 3He


Heat of solidification is negativ

→ Solidifying by applying adiabatically pressure leads to reduced temperature

Pomeranchuk Cooling
Technical Realization
Pomeranchuk Cooling
Cooling Power
Outline
 Evaporation Cryostats
 Dilution Refrigerators
 Pomeranchuk Cooling
 Adiabatic Demagnetization
 Heat Leaks
 Summary
Adiabatic Demagnetization
 Principle of Operation
 Superconducting Heat Switch
 Electron vs Nuclear Spin Demagnetization
 Nuclear Spin Demagnetization
Adiabatic Demagnetization
Principle of Operation

A→B:
Application of a strong magnetic
field, thermal contact to precooling
is closed (isothermal)

B→C:
Adiabatic demagnetization with
Thermal isolation

C→A:
Warming due to heat leaks
Adiabatic Demagnetization
Principle of Operation
Magnetic Refrigeration compared to Vapor Refrigeration
Adiabatic Demagnetization
Superconducting Heat Switch
Adiabatic Demagnetization
Superconducting Heat Switch
Adiabatic Demagnetization
Electron vs Nuclear Spin Demagnetization


Limit of ~2mK for electron spin demagnetization
caused by the ordering temperature of the material


The magnetic moments of nuclei are about 1000 times smaller
than those of electron spins
→ higher magnetic field or lower initial temperature is needed
Adiabatic Demagnetization
Nuclear Spin Demagnetization
Adiabatic Demagnetization
Nuclear Spin Demagnetization
Outline
 Evaporation Cryostats
 Dilution Refrigerators
 Pomeranchuk Cooling
 Adiabatic Demagnetization
 Heat Leaks
 Summary
Heat Leaks

Radiation of warm parts in the cryostat
→ radiation shields

High-frequency electromagnetic radiation

Vibrations

Cosmic rays

Heat switch

Eddy current heating → slitted nuclear stage

Amorphous material with high thermal capacity
Summary
 Bath cryostat 4.2K
 Evaporation cryostat ~1.3K, min. 0.24K
 Dilution cryostat: ~5mK, min. 1.5mK
 Pomeranchuk Cooling min. 1mK
 Electron Spin Demagnetization min. 2mK
 Nuclear Spin Demagnetization ~µK
Summary
Flange

1 K Pot
Dilution Refrigerator with
nuclear demagnetization stage
Still

Continous heat exchanger

Step heat exchanger

Mixing chamber

Nuclear stage
References
 Phase diagram 3He:
http://fy.chalmers.se/~delsing/LowTemp/LectureHe3/Helium-3.pdf
 Magnetic Refrigeration compared to Vapor Refrigeration:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cb/MCE.gif
 Dilution Refrigerator with nuclear demagnetization stage:

http://www.gvl-cryoengineering.com/14412.html?
*session*id*key*=*session*id*val*
 Enss, Hunklinger: Tieftemperaturphysik, Springer 2000
 Enss, Hunklinger: Low temperature physics, Springer 2000
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