Information 

on PC &
 how it works
 What is Computer?
Computer - A programmable electronic
device that can perform calculation and
process information. It is composed of
both hardware and software.
Computer hardware – refers to the physical
components of your computer such as the
system unit, mouse, keyboard, monitor etc.

Computer Software – is a computerized

instructions that operate a computer,
manipulate the data and execute particular
functions or tasks. Software is held either on
your computers hard disk, CD-ROM, DVD or
on a diskette (floppy disk) and is loaded (i.e.
copied) from the disk into the computers
RAM (Random Access Memory), as and
when required.
Central Processing Unit (CPU) – the brain or
heart of any computer that enable to process
data. Also known as a processor.
Chip – a small piece of semi-conducting material
(such as silicon) on which an integrated circuit
is embedded (an integrated circuit or IC is a
number of electronic components joined
together to form a path for electricity. Central
processing unit chips contain the circuits
representing the CPU.
Peripheral device – any piece of equipment in a
computer system that is not actually inside the
computer itself.

Random Access Memory (RAM) – an area within a

computer system that temporarily holds a user’s
data, operating system instructions and program
instructions.
Read Only Memory (ROM) – the part of
computer’s memory used to store
data/instructions that cannot be easily being
changed.
 Capabilities of Computer
STORAGE CAPABILITY
Memory is a very important characteristic of computers.
The computer has much more storage capacity than human beings.
It can store large amount of data.
It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio and any other type.
DILIGENCE
 Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness and lack of
concentration.
It can work continuously without creating any error and boredom.
 It can do repeated work with same speed and accuracy.

VERSATILITY
 A computer is a very versatile machine.
A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done.
AUTOMATION
 Computer is a automatic machine.
 Automation means ability to perform the task automatically.
Once a program is given to computer that is stored in computer memory,
the program and instruction can control the program execution without
human interaction.

REDUCTION IN PAPER WORK

 The use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to
reduction in paper work and speeds up the process.
As data in electronic files can be retrieved as and when required,the
problem of maintenance of large number of files gets reduced.

REDUCTION IN COST
Though the initial investment for installing a computer is high but it
substantially reduces the cost of each of its transaction.
Disadvantages
NO I.Q
A computer is a machine and has no intelligence of its own to perform any
task.
Each and every instruction has to be given to computer.
A computer can not take any decision on its own.
DEPENDENCY
It can perform function as instructed by user. So it is fully dependent on
human being.
ENVIRONMENT
 The operating environment of computer should be dust free and suitable to
it.
NO FEELING
Computer has no feeling or emotions.
It cannot make Judgement based on feeling, taste, experience and knowledge
unlike a human being.
Computer Components
 Computer Hardware
Input devices – the device that allow data
and instructions to enter a computer.

Touch Pad
Keyboard
Mouse
Joystick

Barcode Reader Scanner

Card Reader Touch Screen
Output devices – the devices that allows
information to be represented.

Printer
Monitor – CRT /
LCD / LED

Multimedia Speaker
LCD Projector
Storage device – the place where a computer
puts data.

Flash Memory

Hard Disk

Diskette

External Hard Disk

Memory Card

CD/DVD
 Connecting Hardware
Parallel Port - parallel port uses a 25-pin connector
(type DB-25).A parallel interface for connecting an
external device such as a printer. Most personal
computers have both a parallel port and at least one
serial port.
Serial Port – (Known as DE-9RS232C) is a serial
communication physical interface through which
information transfers in or out one bit at a time
(contrast parallel port).
- data transfer through serial ports connected the
computer to devices such as terminals or modems,
mouse, keyboards, and other peripheral devices also
connected in this way.
PS2 Port – Its name comes from the IBM Personal
System/2 series of personal computers, with which it
was introduced in 1987 and is used for connecting a
keyboard and a mouse to a PC compatible computer
system.
Video Port - A VGA connector as it is commonly
known (other names include RGB connector, D-sub 15,
mini sub D15 and mini D15) is a three-row 15 pin DE-15.
There are four versions: original and DDC2 pin outs,
the far older and less flexible DE-9 connector, and a
Mini-VGA used for laptops.
USB Port - (Universal Serial Bus) A widely used
hardware interface for attaching peripheral devices. USB
ports began to appear on PCs in 1997. Replacing the
serial and parallel ports on a PC, at least four USB ports
are standard on every computer.
- USB has a maximum bandwidth of 12 Mbps for
USB 1.0 and 1.1 and 480 Mbps for Hi-Speed USB 2.0. Up to
127 peripheral devices can be attached to the bus, and USB
1.1 devices can plug into USB 2.0 ports. Fast devices can
use the full bandwidth, while low-speed ones can use a 1.5
Mbps sub channel.
LAN Port - The most popular form of Network
Interface Card (NIC) available, Ethernet cards allow
PCs to interface with one another over home networks
and broadband Internet connections. The very popular
10/100 Base-T Ethernet card — now a standard
inclusion on many new PCs — allows transmission
speeds of either 10 Mbps (megabits per second) or 100
Mbps, automatically self-adjusting to the proper speed
for the type of connection being made. With this
flexibility, Ethernet cards are capable of a particularly
wide variety of connection options.
PL Plug Port - Most portable CD players, MD
recorders, and computer sound cards use minijacks for
their analog audio inputs and outputs. Portable
recorders usually add 2 additional minijacks: a line
input and a microphone input. PC sound cards
typically have at least 1 minijack line output; some also
have a separate headphone minijack output. Like
portable recorders, most sound cards also feature
minijacks for line input and mic input (these permit
you to record sound directly to your hard disk drive).
S-video jack - Found on DVD players, DBS receivers,
Super VHS VCRs, TVs, and other kinds of A/V gear, S-
video inputs and outputs use a round, 4-pin jack to
pass video signals. The "S" in S-video stands for
"separate": S-video connections transmit the
chrominance (color) and luminance (brightness)
portions of a video signal along different paths,
allowing them to be processed separately. S-video
provides a sharper picture than composite video.
However, component video connections yield even
better performance than S-video by further dividing
the chrominance portion of the video signal.
DVI Port – Digital Visual Interface is a multi-pin
connection used for passing standard- definition
and high-definition digital video signals, found on
HDTV tuners, a growing number of DVD players,
HDTV-ready televisions, and some computer
displays. DVI connections transfer video signals in
pure digital form, which is especially beneficial if
you're using a "fixed-pixel" display (like a plasma,
LCD, or DLP TV).
 Signals are encrypted with HDCP (High-bandwidth
Digital Content Protection) to prevent recording. There
are actually two types of DVI connections. DVI-D, which
is the type of DVI connection found on most home video
gear, carries digital-only signals. DVI-I, used with some
computer video cards, is capable of passing both digital
and analog video signals. Some TVs feature DVI-I inputs
for greater hookup flexibility.
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
 Types of Software
System software helps run the computer hardware
and computer system. It includes operating systems,
device drivers, diagnostic tools, servers, windowing
systems, utilities and more. The purpose of system
software is to insulate the applications of programmer
as much as possible from the details of the particular
computer complex being used, especially memory and
other hardware features, and such accessory devices as
communications, printers, readers, displays,
keyboards, etc.
Cont. Types of Software
Programming software usually provides tools to
assist a programmer in writing computer programs and
software using different programming languages in a
more convenient way. The tools include text editors,
compilers, interpreters, linkers, debuggers, and so on.
An Integrated development environment (IDE) merges
those tools into a software bundle, and a programmer
may not need to type multiple commands for
compiling, interpreter, debugging, tracing, and etc.,
because the IDE usually has an advanced graphical user
interface, or GUI.
Cont. Types of Software
Application software allows end users to accomplish
one or more specific (non-computer related) tasks.
Typical applications include industrial automation,
business software, educational software, medical
software, databases, and computer games. Businesses
are probably the biggest users of application software,
but almost every field of human activity now uses
some form of application software. It is used to
automate all sorts of functions.
 Operating System (OS)
Operating System– is the system software
responsible for the direct control and management of
hardware and basic system operations, as well as
running application software such as word processing
programs and Web browsers. - a collection of programs
that enables all the hardware in a computer system to
work together. Its like a traffic cop, coordinating input,
output, and other processes. It is either built into the
computer or loaded into computer’s memory from a
disk when you turn on the computer.
 Basic task of OS
controlling and allocating memory
prioritizing the processing of instructions
controlling input and output devices
facilitating networking
managing files.
 List of OS
 Linux / Variants
MacOS
MS-DOS
IBM OS/2 Warp
UNIX / Variants
Windows CE
Windows 3.x
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows 98 SE
Windows ME
Windows 2000
Windows NT
Windows XP
Windows 7
Vista
Windows 8
 Types of Operating System
Embedded systems use a variety of dedicated
operating systems. In some cases, the "operating
system" software is directly linked to the application to
produce a monolithic special-purpose program. In the
simplest embedded systems, there is no distinction
between the OS and the application. Embedded
systems that have certain time requirements are
known as Real-time operating systems.
Cont. types of OS
Unix operating systems - Unix systems run on a
wide variety of machine architectures. They are used
heavily as server systems in business, as well as
workstations in academic and engineering
environments. Free software Unix variants, such as
Linux and BSD, are popular in these areas.
Cont. Types of OS
Microsoft Windows
Windows is capable of running any enterprise
application which has resulted in consistent
price/performance records and significant acceptance in
the enterprise market at the cost of existing Unix based
system market share.
The most widely used version of the Microsoft Windows
family is Microsoft Windows XP, released on October 25,
2001. The latest release of Windows XP is Windows XP
Service Pack 2, released on August 6, 2004.
 Memory
Primary Memory - is directly connected to the central
processing unit of the computer.
a. RAM – Random Access Memory
b. ROM – Read Only Memory
Secondary Memory - requires the computer to use its
input/output channels to access the information, and is
used for long-term storage of persistent information.
a. Magnetic disk/storage
b. Optical disk
c. usb
d. dvd/cd
 Firmware
Firmware is defined as:
 
the computer program in a Read-only Memory (ROM)
integrated circuit (a hardware part number or other
configuration identifier is usually used to represent the
software);
the Erasable Programmable Read-only Memory (EPROM)
chip, whose program may be modified by special external
hardware, but not by [a general purpose] application program.
the Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-only
Memory (EEPROM) chip, whose program may be modified by
special electrical external hardware (not the usual optical
light), but not by [a general purpose] application program.
Examples of firmware include:

The BIOS found in IBM-compatible Personal Computers;

The EFI, found on Itanium systems, Intel-based Mac OS X
machines, and as a secondary bootloader (which runs after
the traditional BIOS) on x64 PCs;
The operating system on a router, such as the Linksys
WRT54G
Open Firmware, used in computers from Sun Microsystems
and Apple Computer;
The iPod's control menus
The Common Firmware Environment (CFE)
Washing Machines (WM)
Two Common PC types of RAM
SRAM – Static Random Access Memory
- is a type of semiconductor memory. The word
"static" indicates that the memory retains its contents as
long as power remains applied, unlike dynamic RAM
(DRAM) that needs to be periodically refreshed.
DRAM – Dynamic Random Access Memory
- Because of this refresh requirement, it is a dynamic
memory as opposed to SRAM and other static memory.
 Types of Computer
Desktop Computers
– Small enough to sit on the
top of the desk

• Laptop Computers
– Small and light enough to
be operated on user’s lap.
Sub Notebook computers
– similar to notebook computer
yet weigh even less

Palmtop computers
– small enough to be held in the
palm of your hand but have
many of the capabilities of a
desktop computer
Workstations
 a) Interconnected
microcomputer (Networked)

 B) high-performance microcomputer field,

such as engineering or graphics.
Mainframe Computer
- A very expensive high-level computer designed
for the most intensive computational tasks.
Mainframe computers are often shared by
multiple users connected to the computer via
terminals.
Minicomputers
- Are multi-user systems that can
handle the computing needs of a
smaller corporation or
organization. Many people use
them simultaneously by means of
remote terminals or personal
computers. They are used heavily
in transaction-processing
applications and interfaced
between mainframe computer
systems and wide are networks.
Supercomputers
- The fastest, most powerful, and most expensive
computers. They are different than other types of
computers for they are designed to work on a single
problem at a time, devoting all their resources to the
solution of a very complex problem.
Components of System Unit
Case: All the computer components are mounted in a
case. The size of the case determines the number of
devices that can be added to the computer. The case
sizes include: Micro Tower, Mini Tower, Mini-med
Tower, Tower, Desktop, and Laptop.
Motherboard is mounted inside the case and provides the
means to connect to all the other parts of the computer.
The motherboard has the RAM (Random Access Memory)
sockets, the CPU (Central Processing Unit) socket, the
Card Expansion Slot connectors and some boards have a
Cache Memory socket or connector. There are also special
connectors to attach to the Power Supply, the Floppy
Drives, the Hard Drives and CD-ROM Drives, the
Keyboard, the Mouse Port connector, the Printer Port
connector, the Serial Port connectors, and the USB
(Universal Serial Bus) Port connectors.
Power Supply: The Power Supply converts the 120
volts AC from the wall outlet to DC +5 volts and
sometimes to 3.3 volts that are used by microchips on
the motherboard and expansion boards. The floppy
drives, the hard drives, and the CD-ROM drives use +5
volts for the microchips and +12 volts is used by the
drive motors and the CPU fan on the mother board.
3 ½ in. Disk Drive: The disk drive provides a means
to input program instructions or data into the
computer from a removable diskette or record
programs and data for storage or use elsewhere. There
are several kinds of disk drives available now. The 5 ¼
inch disk drive is an older type that is now obsolete
where as the 3 ½ inch disk drive is still widely used.
Other types of removable diskette drives include Zip
Drives and the Super Drive (LS-120).
Hard Drive – is the main storage device for programs
and data in a computer. The CPU reads and writes to
the hard drives almost continuously when the
computer is being used.
CD/DVD COMBO Drive: Combo drive is multi
Optical drive that’s capable of reading and writing
data to optical media such as DVD ROM DVD-R
DVD+R DVD-RW DVD+RW CD ROM CD R CD RW
all in one single drive. This is the most needed part for
your computer in order to play your CD’s DVD’s and
burn data or backing up data on to Recordable optical
media (Older drives may or may not supports most
optical media formats)
Floppy Drive Cable: is a 34-pin cable that connects
between a floppy drive and the controller connector on
the motherboard. The connector at the end of the
cable after the twist connects to A drive and the
connector before the twist connects to B drive.
IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) Cable: is a 40-pin
cable that connects between a hard disk, or CD-ROM,
with the disk controller circuitry integrated within it
and the controller connector on the motherboard. Two
devices can be connected to each IDE controller on the
motherboard.
SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment):
is a high speed interface for hard drives providing
speeds up to 150mbps.Sata is the next generation
interface for hard drives. Furthermore SATA uses new
smarter cables which are narrower or thinner which
makes hard drive installation much easier.
 Computer Expansion Cards & Input/Output Connectors:

Video Card: The Video Card or Monitor Adapter is

the interface between the computer and the monitor.
The main two function of the Video Card is to provide
Video RAM for image storage and video processing
circuitry.
 Parts of
Motherboard and
its functions
 Motherboard
Is the central Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
in many modern computers and holds many
of the crucial components of the system,
while providing connectors for other
peripherals. The motherboard is sometimes
alternatively known as the main board,
system board, or, on Apple computers, the
logic board. It is also sometimes casually
shortened to mobo.
 Rule of Motherboard
Motherboard is the body of a computer system.
It holds everything that runs the computer: the
CPU for the heart, the RAM for the brain, the video
card for the eyes, the audio card for the ears, and
the data ports for the mouth. There is more to it
than the idea of the computer as a living breathing
species: treating a motherboard is like treating a
human body, but the responsibility of taking care of
a computer is greater.
 Form Factors
There are a lot of form factors of a motherboard that fit
specific computer cases, but five of them are currently being
used in modern systems. For example: a Standard ATX form
factor motherboard fits all standard size desktop cases, and a
MicroATX motherboard fits into smaller cases that are half
the size of a desktop case. Mini-ITX, Nano-ITX and Pico-
ITX are other motherboard form factors for other types of PC
cases, but ATX is a more common choice when building or
upgrading PCs.
Getting a case that matches the motherboard form factor is
very important: a ATX form motherboard does not fit in a
MicroATX case as the peripheral placements on the board
will not match. A matching form factor board and case will
always match the peripheral bays behind the computer.
Form Factors
 On Board Devices
Many motherboards come with on-board devices
such as video and audio cards. These are commonly
found on retail computers, but they are known to be
less powerful than external cards. There are a few
boards that have stable on-board devices, but
seasoned PC builders prefer external devices instead.
Purchasing a board with internal devices are idea for
first time PC builders, but the option of building a
system in addition of adding brand new devices is
what makes building a custom PC so special.
Motherboard Components
 This is the socket in which the CPU
(the main chip or 'central processing
unit') actually sits.
 Common Types of CPU
The Land Grid Array (LGA) is a physical interface for
microprocessors of the Intel family. Unlike the Pin
Grid Array (PGA) interface found on most AMD, there
are no pins on the chip; in place of the pins are pads of
bare gold-plated copper that touch pins on the
motherboard.
Cont. Types of CPU
The Pin Grid Array (PGA) - A feature of a
CPU socket whereby the pins are aligned in
uniform rows around the socket.
CPU Types
 BIOS
 BIOS
- stands for Basic Input/Output System or Basic Integrated
Operating System. BIOS refers to the software code run by a
computer when first powered on. The primary function of BIOS is to
prepare the machine so other software programs stored on various
media (such as hard drives, floppies, and CDs) can:

 load,
 execute,
 control of the computer.

- This process is known as booting up.

Cont. BIOS
Memory Slot
A memory slot or RAM slot is
what allows computer memory
(RAM) chip/stick to be inserted
into the computer. Depending
on the motherboard, there will
usually be 2 to 4 memory slots
(sometimes more on high-end
motherboards) and are what
determine the type of RAM used
with the computer.
 Memory Slot
Installing RAM also counts on the motherboard
CPU fitted. A newer Dual Data Rate (DDR3) RAM chip
transfers data faster than previous DDR RAM: an older
memory chip on a newer board would not work very
well. A fast CPU requires the most memory which is
usually the maximum supported, normally 4
gigabytes. A benefit of adding the maximum amount
of RAM is unleashing the full power of a PC for
uninterrupted performance, especially with video card
applications.
 DIP 16-pin (RAM chip, usually
pre-FPRAM)

 SIPP (usually FPRAM)

 SIMM 30-pin (usually FPRAM)

 SIMM 72-pin (so-called "PS/2

SIMM", usually EDO RAM)
 DIMM 168-pin (SDRAM)

 DIMM 184-pin (DDR SDRAM)

From the top of the order is a precursor to
the form of memory, such as chipsets (IC)
with a capacity that is still very low, used in
computers relic (old version) the form of
computer very big size. Then continue to the
next generation of memory EDO RAM, is
used on the computers of the next
generation of Intel 8080, Intel 426 and Intel
pentium first generation, the maximum
capacity for this type of memory that time
around 32MB/chip. Then the next
generation memory is SDRAM, with the
architect and the more advanced technology,
this type of memory used from time to first
intel pentium intel pentium to four, with the
capacity and speed of data is greater than the
previous memory, the maximum capacity
that I know about one piece with 512MB
maximum speed of 200MHz.
And the last until this time is to DDR
SDRAM, with the capacity and speed that is
better than SDRAM. DDR SDRAM has its
own speed different, this is marked with a
number stamped on the memory, for the
PC2100 is the lowest speed (about 266MHz)
and PC 3200 is the highest speed for DDR
SDRAM (up to 400MHz). DDR SDRAM and
is experiencing growth in terms of speed
with the birth of the next variant DDR II.
From the architect / of the same, which is to
distinguish the speed of the PC 4300 to PC
6400 (try to count the speed of the original,
live divided with number 8).
See the red-marked, it indicates that the memory capacity
is 1 GigaByte (GB) or equal to 1000MB. 1GB memory size
to at this time is sufficient to your needs in a computer
unless you use a computer for gaming and animation, it
takes more memory of course. To provide each mainboard
memory slot between 2 slot to slot 4. Memory own
bebarapa there is the type of development until now.
Along with the development of software that requires
high-performance memory, the birth of Dual Channel
system, the 2 pieces of memory on the same pair
mainboard that supports Dual Channel for
performance speed is higher again. The highest
memory capacity that can be paired on the computer
desktop (eg perkeping 2GB multiplied the number of
slots is 4) with a total capacity of 8GB.
Up to forget, the last generation of DDR SDRAM
memory that is the third version of the DDR 3, with a
speed that is higher than DDR 2. For up to at this time
does not experience growth, with a maximum capacity
of 2 GB one piece . Do not compare with the computer
or server computer Mainframe, memory capacity can be
up to 16 GB and even more.
for the laptop, memory is also used almost the same as
with the desktop computer memory, only the size is
smaller. Laptop called SODIMM Memory.
 Computer expansion slots
AGP - Video card
AMR - Modem, Sound card
CNR - Modem, Network card, Sound card
PCI - Network card, SCSI, Sound card, Video card
PCIe - Video card
 PCI Slot

A PCI or Peripheral Component Interconnect slot is a

slot used to connect additional extension cards to a PC.
 PCI slots allow numerous different types of expansion
cards to be connected inside a computer to extend the
computers functionality. Examples of PCI expansion
cards are network cards, graphics cards and sound cards.
Although the bus speed is slightly slower than PCI
Express, the PCI slots are the most common type of slot
and found on most motherboards today. If you are
installing a new video card and you are unsure about the
slots, stick with the PCI version of this card it will always
work.
Each lane of a PCI Express
connection contains two pairs
of wires -- one to send and one
to receive. Packets of data move
across the lane at a rate of one
bit per cycle. A x1 connection,
the smallest PCIe connection,
has one lane made up of four
wires. It carries one bit per
cycle in each direction. A x4
link transmits four lanes, and
so on.
 AGP Slot

Stands for "Accelerated Graphics Port." AGP is a type of

expansion slot designed specifically for graphics cards. It was
developed in 1996 as an alternative to the PCI standard.
Since the AGP interface provides a dedicated bus for
graphics data, AGP cards are able to render graphics faster
than comparable PCI graphics cards.
 AGP Slot
Like PCI slots, AGP slots are built into a computer's
motherboard. They have a similar form factor to PCI
slots, but can only be used for graphics cards.
Additionally, several AGP specifications exist,
including AGP 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0, which each use a
different voltage. Therefore, AGP cards must be
compatible with the specification of the AGP slot they
are installed in.
24Pin ATX Power Connector
ATX power connectors are
designed to connect a computer’s
power supply to an ATX motherboard.
They are constructed of metal pins
laid throughout a nylon matrix. A
female type ATX power connector
extends from the ATX power supply to
plug into the motherboard. The nylon
matrix on modern ATX power
connectors can have 20 or 24 pins,
depending on the power necessary for
the processor.
 P4 Power Connector

The 24-pin main power connector included four more pins supplying
additional +3.3 V, +5 V, and +12 V power plus a ground. The inclusion of
these extra pins delivered extra power to satisfy the power requirements
for PCI Express video cards drawing up to 75 watts, but it also made the
older six-pin auxiliary connector unnecessary. The pinout of the new 24-
pin main power connector started to be implemented in motherboards
in mid-2004.
 ATA (IDE) Connector

An IDE connector is used to connect a CD-ROM drive or hard drive to

a motherboard, with a long and flat ribbon cable.
 What is IDE
Short for Integrated Drive Electronics, IDE is more
commonly known as ATA or Parallel ATA (PATA). IDE is
different from the Small Computer Systems Interface
(SCSI) and Enhanced Small Device Interface (ESDI)
because its controllers are on each drive, meaning the drive
can connect directly to the motherboard or controller. IDE
and its updated successor, Enhanced IDE (EIDE), are the
most common drive interfaces found in IBM compatible
computers today. Below, is a picture of the IDE connector on
the back of a hard drive, a picture of what an IDE cable looks
like, and the IDE channels it connects to on the
motherboard.
 Floppy Drive Connector

  It is similar to the standard IDE cable. It is used to connect Floppy

Drive. in that it is usually a flat, gray ribbon cable.  It is unusual in terms
of the number of connectors it has and how it is used to configure the
setup of the floppy disks in the system.
 The floppy cable has 34 wires. There are normally five connectors
on the floppy interface cable, although sometimes there are only
three. These are grouped into three "sets"; a single connector plus
two pairs of two each (for a standard, five-connector cable) or
three single connectors. This how the connectors are used:

 Controller Connector: The single connector on one end of the

cable is meant to connect to the floppy disk controller, either on a
controller card or the motherboard.
Drive A Connectors: The pair of connectors (or single connector
in the case of a three-connector cable) at the opposite end of the
cable is intended for the A: floppy drive.
Drive B Connectors: The pair of connectors (or single connector
in the case of a three-connector cable) in the middle of the cable
is intended for the B: floppy drive.
SATA Connector
  It is used to connect CD-ROM drive or
hard drive to a motherboard. SATA cables are
long, thin, 7-pin cables. One end plugs into a
port on the motherboard, usually labeled SATA,
and the other into the back of a storage device
like a hard drive.
Serial ATA replaces Parallel ATA as the IDE
standard of choice for connecting storage
devices inside of a computer. SATA storage
devices can transmit data to and from the rest of
the computer over twice as fast as an otherwise
similar PATA device.
 USB Header

A USB header is a group of pins, typically on a

computer motherboard or expansion card, to which
an internal USB cable can be attached to provide extra
USB ports. Typically, one header is a group of two USB
ports.
 System Panel Connectors
System power LED (2-pin PLED)
This 2-pin connector is for the system power LED.
Connect the chassis power LED cable to this connector.
The system power LED lights up when you turn on the
system power, and blinks when the system is in sleep
mode.
Hard disk drive activity LED (2-pin IDE_LED)
This 2-pin connector is for the HDD Activity LED.
Connect the HDD Activity LED cable to this connector.
The IDE LED lights up or flashes when data is read
from or written to the HDD.
 System Panel Connectors
ATX power button/soft-off button (2-pin PWRSW)
This connector is for the system power button.
Pressing the power button turns the system on or puts
the system in sleep or soft-off mode depending on the
BIOS settings. Pressing the power switch for more
than four seconds while the system is ON turns the
system OFF.
Reset button (2-pin RESET)
This 2-pin connector is for the chassis-mounted reset
button for system reboot without turning off the
system power.
 Bandwidth Table (MBits/Sec)

PCI 1056 Mb/s

AGP 8X 2,133 Mb/s

PCI Express 1x 2,500 Mb/s

PCI Express 4x 10,000 Mb/s

PCI Express 8x 20,000 Mb/s

PCI Express 16x 40,000 Mb/s

 Bandwidth Table (MBits/Sec)

IDE (ATA100) 800 Mb/s

IDE (ATA133) 1064 Mb/s

SATA 1500 Mb/s

SATA II 3000 Mb/s

SATA 6 6000 Mb/s

Firewire 400 400 Mb/s

 Bandwidth Table (MBits/Sec)

USB 1 12 Mb/s
USB 2 480 Mb/s

USB 3 4,800 Mb/s

Gigabit Ethernet 1000 Mb/s