IS THE VALIDITY OF THE FIRST

LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
IMPLIES THE GENERALIZED
SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS OF THE
UNIVERSE BOUNDED BY THE
EVENT HORIZON?
 Introduction
Introduction:-

In this work we are dealing with the validity

of the generalized second law of thermodynamics
on the Event horizon of the universe where we
have already assumed the validity of the first law
of thermodynamics on the Apparent horizon.
Here the Universe is taken as homogeneous and
isotropic thermodynamical system filled with
perfect fluid.
 Temperature (T) α К
(T=Hawking Temperature) (К=Surface gravity)

 Entropy (S) α A
(S=Bekenstein’s Entropy) (A=Area)

 Relation (T,S,M) → First Law of Thermodynamics

 Thermodynamic quantities -----→ Geometry of Horizon

(T and S) characterized
The first law of thermodynamics → Einstein Field Equations
(δQ = T ds)

- Showed by T. Jacobson in 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 1260

Einstein Field Equations → The first law of thermodynamics

on the horizon

- Showed by Padmanavan in 2002

 Assume Universe as a Thermodynamical
System

 At the apparent horizon RA :

 Hawking temperature TA = 1 ∕ 2πRA

 Entropy SA = πRA2 ⁄ G

 The first law of thermodynamics Ξ Friedmann

Equations
 Standard Big Bang Model :- Cosmological Event
Horizon does not exists

 Accelerating Universe :- (i) Event horizon separates

from the Apparent horizon: RE > RA

(ii) First and Second law of

thermodynamics breaks down on the event horizon.

- Showed by Wang B, Gong Y

and Abdalla E 2006 Phys. Rev. D 74 083520
 Universe bounded by Apparent horizon is a Bekenstein System :-

Bekenstein’s entropy or mass bound : S ≤ 2π RE

entropy or area bound : S ≤ A ∕ 4

 Temperature and Entropy should be modified at the event

horizon to establish

Black hole Thermodynamics Ξ Space time Geometry

(on the event horizon)

 Generalized Second Law of Thermodynamics (GSLT) :-

 FRW Line element :

→ area radius

hab = diag , k =0, + 1 and -1 corresponds

to the flat, closed and
open model

 Friedmann Equations :
 Energy Conservation Equation :

 Apparent horizon :

 Event horizon :

 Hubble horizon :
or
 3

 The amount of energy crossing the event horizon in time dt is

dE 4 rE H p dt   H 

k
a2
3
rE H
G
dt

So 
 First law of Thermodynamics :

k
dSE  H  2
a


TE
dQ dE  TE
3
rE H
G TE
dSI  dEI  pdV
dt
dSE

 Gibbs equation :

4  4 


 
rE3 rE3

wherever V and EI 
3 3
2
So rE  k  
dSI  H  d rE  H rE dt
G TE a2
Total Entropy Variation :-

Where we have used the relation

 For flat FRW Universe the GSLT is valid if the weak
energy condition is satisfied.

 For closed FRW model GSLT will be valid if

either (i) and weak energy condition
is satisfied.

or (ii) and violation of weak energy

condition.
 No explicit expression of and is needed.
Modified Friedmann equations in (n+1) dimensions are

Modified energy conservation equation is

 In this case the total entropy variation:

where is the volume of an n-dimensional

unit ball.
 Conclusions:
•For validity of the second law of thermodynamics we have the same
conclusions as in Einstein gravity.

• In the limit all the results of EGB gravity become identical to

those in Einstein gravity.

•No explicit expression of the temperature is needed here and even the
temperature may be different in two gravity theories.

• For EGB gravity, one may have ordinary matter (satisfying strong
energy conditions) for the universe to be accelerating which is essential
for the existence of the event horizon in any gravity theory.

Finally, for future work, it will be interesting to study the validity

of the first law of thermodynamics on the event horizon and it may need
some redefinition of entropy or temperature on the event horizon.
Thank you
Thank You