Course : MGMT6038 - Cross Culture Management

Year : 2019

Dimensions of Culture
Session 2
 Learning Outcomes

• LO 1: Discuss the concept of culture and management

• LO 2: Explain the relationship of culture, organizations
and management
• LO 3: Analyze the culture in business and communication

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 Hofstede’s dimensions (1980)

• Hofstede was one of the first researchers to analyze the

influence of NATIONAL culture on management
practices
• Empirical study at large multinational company (IBM)
• 66 national subsidiaries
• 116,000 questionnaires
• 60 out of 150 questions concerned values and opinions.

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 Four aspects of national
culture

Hofstede’s cultural dimensions

Four aspects of national culture that affect our thinking
about organizations :

1. Power distance
2. Uncertainty avoidance
3. Individualism/Collectivism
4. Masculinity/Femininity

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 The Fifth Dimension

PLUS
5. Short-term versus long-term orientation
• This dimension was NOT found in the data used to
determine the original dimensions (Hofstede, 2001)
• This dimension emerges from a survey
• the Chinese Values Survey (1985) which contained a
Confucian dynamism scale.

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 Low/High Power Distance

Table 2.2 Extremes of Hofstede’s ‘power distance’ dimension

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 Collectivist/Individualist

Table 2.3 Extremes of Hofstede’s ‘collectivist/individualist’ dimension

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 Masculine/Feminine

Table 2.4 Extremes of the ‘masculine/feminine’ dimension

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 Low/High Uncertainty Avoidance

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 Short/Long-term orientation

Table 2.7 Hofstede’s fifth dimension

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 The effect of Hofstede’s four dimensions on issues
in management and business

Table 2.6 The effect of

Hofstede’s four
dimensions on issues in
management and
business
Source:
http://homepage.psy.ute
xas.edu/homepage/clas
s/Psy365M/Merritt/HOF
charts.html, accessed 8
April 2007

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 Culture Cluster
Anglo  Latin Europe  Nordic Europe  Germanic Europe
Australia
France
Canada Austria
Israel
England Germany (Former East)
Italy Denmark
Ireland Germany (Former West)
Portugal Finland
New Zealand Netherlands
Spain Sweden
South Africa Switzerland
Switzerland
(White sample) (German speaking)
(French-speaking)
United States
 Eastern Europe  Latin America  Sub-Saharan Africa  Middle East
Argentina
Albania Bolivia
Georgia Brazil Namibia
Egypt
Greece Colombia Nigeria
Kuwait
Hungary Costa Rica South Africa
Morocco
Kazakhstan Ecuador (Black sample)
Qatar
Poland El Salvador Zambia
Turkey
Russia Guatemala Zimbabwe
Slovenia Mexico
Venezuela
Southern Asia Confucian Asia    
India China
Indonesia Hong Kong
Iran Japan
   
Malaysia Singapore
Philippines South Korea
Thailand Taiwan
Table 2.10 The countries composing each cluster
Source: Chhokar, J.S. et al. (2008):13

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 References

Marie-Joelle Browaeys & Roger Price (2015).

Understanding Cross Cultural Management 3rd edition.
Pearson Education, England, ISBN : 978-1-292-01589-7