Geometrical Optics

Chapter 24

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This week
 This week we begin the study of optics. I have no idea
how far we will get into these chapters.
 Lenses & Mirrors
 Interference
 Diffraction
 Probably not enough material to justify a 7:00AM class.
We can use office hours for that purpose.
 There will be a quiz on Friday.
 Watch for a new Mastering Physics (I know you just
can’t wait!)
 Last quiz is in the bin.

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From the website:
Remaining Clicker Evil

Fix this evil or you will have a ZERO clicker score!!

Practice Problem Set (Monday Session)

****** TAKE NOTE OF THE FOLLOWING ******

The end of the semester is approaching. The common
Final Examination will be on Saturday, Dec 12, 2009 from 9AM-12PM
in room PSY 108

There will be one more exam this semester but it

probably will be on December 2 (Wednesday).
This exam will cover the remaining material covered. It will
also be covered in the final exam.

Don't forget to check the evil clicker file!

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 Geometrical Optics

Yup … more angle stuff!

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Geometrical Process

Object
Image

Lens or
Mirror

Oh where, oh where, has my bug’s image gone .. oh where or where can it be???
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Where’s the image, where’s the object … who
cares??? We do!

Questions about the image:

 What kind of an image is it?
 Real
 Virtual
 Where is the object, where is the image?
 Behind the lens
 In front of the lens
 Where is the light coming from? Where is it going?
 What is the size of the image? (magnification)
 What is the orientation of the image?
 Same as the object,
 Inverted (upside down)
 Reverse
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What kind of optics:
 Mirror
 Planar
 Concave
 Convex
 Lens
 converging
 diverging
 Where is the light?
 Have you seen the light yet?

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Note
 The object is usually the source of light.
 The image is where the light converges to replicate the
object.
 The image can be on either side of the “optical element”
 The image can be real or virtual
 The image can form an object for a second optical
element.

 Yes .. it can be confusing. We will attack this a point

at a time.

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Signs

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Signs – We mean (-) or (+)
 The distance from the object to the lens/mirror is called
the object distance.
 It is positive if it is on the same side of the optical element as
the incoming light. Otherwise it is negative
 It is designated by s
 The distance from the image to the lens/mirror is called
the image distance.
 It is positive if it is on the same side as the outgoing light
 It is designated by s’. Otherwise it is negative.
 Without this sign convention, these problems would be
much more difficult. So pay attention to them!!

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Paraxial Rays : Small Angle Approximation
theta sin tan

sin   
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.02 0.02
0.03 0.03 0.03
0.04 0.04 0.04

tan   sin   
0.05 0.05 0.05
0.06 0.06 0.06
0.07 0.07 0.07
0.08 0.08 0.08
0.09 0.09 0.09
0.10 0.10 0.10
0.11 0.11 0.11
0.12 0.12 0.12
0.13 0.13 0.13
0.14 0.14 0.14
0.15 0.15 0.15
0.16 0.16 0.16
0.17 0.17 0.17
0.18 0.18 0.18
0.19 0.19 0.19
0.20 0.20 0.20
0.21 0.21 0.21
0.22 0.22 0.22
0.23 0.23 0.23
0.24 0.24 0.24
0.25 0.25 0.26
0.26 0.26 0.27
0.27 0.27 0.28
0.28 0.28 0.29
0.29 0.29 0.30
0.30 0.30 0.31

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 y'
m 1
y
s   s'

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15
 Curved Mirrors

For Student Misery Only!

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Concave Mirror

con-CAVE

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Sign Convention

When the Center of Curvature

is on the same side of the
outgoing ray, R is positive.

Otherwise, if the center of

curvature is not on the same side
as the outgoing ray, R is negative.

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Concave Mirror/Paraxial Approximation

    The normal to the

    surface passes
through C
   
      Therefore
h
    2 
R
h h Consequently
 
s s'
h h h h 2h
  2  
s s' s s' R
1 1 2
MIRROR  
EQUATION s s' R
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For this structure

A. The Radius R is positive and s’ is negative

B. The Radius R is negative and s’ is negative
C. R is positive and s’ is positive
D. R is negative and s’ is positive

Answer
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 When the Center of Curvature
is on the same side of the
outgoing ray, R is positive.

the image distance is positive if it is on

the same side as the outgoing light

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What about here? R, s, s’ (convex mirror)

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Concept: Focal Length of a Mirror
1 1 2
 
s s' R
s   (1/s  0)
R
f  s' 
2
1 1 1
 
s s' f
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Going Backwards

1 1 2
 
s s' R
R 2
s (1/s  )
2 R
1
0
s'
s'  
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More Better – A Parabola

surveillance

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Image Formation

s0
R0
s'  0
y’<0
(from the diagram) so image is inverted.

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The geometry……

 y'
m (- sign from inverted image in diagram)
y
Similar Triangles, so
y  y'
 and
s s'
s'
m-
s

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A concave spherical mirror has a radius of 10 cm. Calculate
the location and size of an 8mm object a distance 15 cm
from the mirror.

1 1 2 1
  
s s' R f 10 cm 5 cm

s '  7.5 Normal to mirror

 s' and bounces back
m  .5 along incoming
s path.
y  4 mm

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A concave spherical mirror has a radius of 10 cm. Calculate
the location and size of an 8mm object a distance 10 cm
from the mirror.

1 1 2 1
   10 cm 5 cm
s s' R f
s '  10cm
 s'
m  1.0
s
y  8 mm

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A concave spherical mirror has a radius of 10 cm. Calculate
the location and size of an 8mm object a distance 2.5 cm
from the mirror.

virtual
image
1 1 2 1
   10 cm 5 cm
s s' R f
s '  5cm
 s'
m  2.0
s
eye
y  8 mm

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