OB I

Welcome to the World of Behaviours !

Dr. Pawan Kumar Singh

Professor
IIM Indore
pawan @ iimidr.ac.in
(M): 09981147744
 Fundamentals of OB (Session 1)

• Understand the Terminology:

– Organisation
– Organisational Behaviour
• Three / Four Levels of Analysis
– Individual
– Interpersonal / Group
– Organisational
• Sources
– Psychology, Social psychology, Sociology, Political
Science, Anthropology, Economics, Statistics and
Mathematics.
 Fundamentals of OB
• Historical development
– Scientific Management
– Human Relations Movementnce
– Classical Organisational Theory
– Mathematical School
– System Approach
• Hofstede Study
– Power Distance, Masculinity & Femininity, Short vrs.
Long-run orientation, Risk Avoidance
• Other Issues: Acceptance of Pink Colours, Decision
Making through Virtual Modes, Hierarchy in age of
Internet.
 Fundamentals of OB
• Moving from hunch feeling to scientific study:
• Satisfaction leads to productivity
• Participation is sure mean for improving performance
• Men and women communicate similarly
• You cannot teach old person to dance
• Leadership theories developed in USA are equally applicable in India
• Everyone wants a challenging job
• Managers are often uncomfortable discussing performance
weaknesses directly with employees.
 Values, Attitudes and Behaviour (Sessions 2-
3)

• Values: Basic convictions that a specific mode of

conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially
preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or
end-state of existence

• Attitudes: Evaluative statements or judgments

concerning objects, people, or events

• Behaviour: Exhibited mode of conduct

Relationship among Values, Attitudes and Behaviour

• Values lead to Attitudes: correlation is positive and high

• Attitudes lead to Behaviour:
– Correlation is positive but poor (some studies say + 0.14
– However correlation may vary person to person
• Behaviour leads to Attitudes: Self-perception Theory
– because we are guided by convenience
– because we do not prefer to be guided by attitudes, but we want to justify
the way we have behaved
– because attitudes are vague
– Because we use attitude as just casual statements
– Are we rational? Or….?
 Perception (Sessions 4-5)
• Meaning: A process by which we interpret and organize sensory information to produce
our conscious experience of objects and object relationships.

• Nature-Nurture Controversy:
– Nature
• Infant exposed to coloured (blue, green ,yellow, red) and gray light
• Infants (males and females) exposed to odour (ginger and cherry)
– Nurture
• Kittens raised in darkness and one group exposed to horizontal stripes, another
to vertical
• Experiment with wearing special googles
 Factors influencing perception

– Perceiver

trayam shikschet damam daanam dayaamiti

(Brihadaaranyak Upanishad: 5/2/3)
        One should practice this same triad: Dama (self-restraint),
Daana (giving), Dayaa (compassion); [Once threefold offspring of Brahmaa, gods,
men, and devils requested him to offer some lessons to them. Brahmaa said a common
letter to them i.e. ‘da’. Gods perceived it as Dama, men as Daana, and devils as
Dayaa.]

– Target
– Situation
 Attribution Theory

• Two Factors
– Internal Causation
– External Causation

• Fundamental Attribution Error

• Self-serving Bias
 Varieties of shortcuts in judging others:

– Selective perception (choosing as we prefer)

– Halo effect (based on one observation)

– Contrast effects (with whom we encountered recently)

– Projections (similarity error)

– Stereotyping
 Applications of Perception in Management

• Selection
• Performance Expectations:
– Self-fulfilling prophecy or Pygmalion Effect
• Performance Evaluation
• Decision Making
• Lessons:
• First impression
• Impression vis-à-vis impact management
• Sycophancy vis-à-vis authentic behaviour
• Resign from post of judge
• Perception is at your convenience, truth is not
 Emotions (Sessions 6-7)
• Meaning: Intense feelings that are directed at someone or
something
• Levels: Felt, and Displayed
– Emotional Labour
– Emotional Dissonance
• Types:
– Continuum: Happiness, Surprise, Fear, Sadness, Anger, Disgust
– Negative: Anger, Contempt, Envy, Fear, Frustration, Disappointment, Embarrassment,
Disgust, Hate, Jealousy
– Positive : Enthusiasm, Hope, Joy, Love, Pride
– Bi-directional: Surprise
• Affective Events Theory:
– Work Environment * Work Events * Moderated by Personal Disposition *
Emotional Reactions * Job Satisfaction and Job Performance
 OB Applications of Emotions
• Emotional Intelligence (Ability to detect and to
manage emotional cues and information of self
and others):
– Self Awareness
– Self Management
– Self Motivation
– Empathy
– Social Skills
 Personality (Sessions 8-9)
• Meaning:
• An individual’s unique and relatively stable
pattern of behaviour, thoughts and feelings
• Dynamic organisation within the individual of
those psychophysical systems that determine
his unique adjustments to his environment-
Gordan Allport
 Theories of Personality
• Sigmund Freud:
– Three levels of Consciousness
– The structure of personality: Id, Ego, Superego
– Defense Mechanism (reaction to anxiety and self-
protection by Ego): repression, rationalisation,
displacement, projection, regression, sublimation,
reaction formation
– Psychosexual stages of development: oral, anal,
phallic, latency, genital (disorder due to fixation)
– Freudian slip
 Theories of Personality contd.

• Alfred Adler: striving for superiority

• Carl Gustav Jung: Collective unconscious; animus and anima, introvert and
extravert
• Karen Horney: Social and cultural factor (if there is disorder it is due to three
disturbed interpersonal relationship during childhood)
• Carl Roger: Fully functioning person; Gap between self-concept and reality;
Conditional positive regard and client-centered therapy- USA
• Maslow: Self-actualization
– Four characteristics of self-actualized (psychologically healthy persons)
• Self acceptance
• Personal freedom and autonomy
• Retain childhood wonders and amazements
• Peak experiences: unity with universe, waves of power and wonder
 Personality and Behaviour at Work cont.
• MBTI
– Extrover : Introvert
– Sensing : Intuitive
– Thinking : Feeling
– Judging : Perceiving
• Total 16 types

• Big Five Factors:

– Extraversion
– Agreeableness
– Conscientiousness
– Emotional Stability
– Openness to Experience
 Personality and Behaviour at Work cont.
• Locus of Control: Internals & Externals
• Machiavellianism
• Self-Esteem
• Self-Monitoring
• Risk Taking
• Type A / B
• Proactive Personality
• Six Personality Types: by Holland
– Realistic
– Investigative
– Artistic
– Social
– Enterprising
– Conventional
 Indian Insight on Personality
Five sheaths:
Annamaya, Praanamaya, Manomaya, Vigyaanamaya, and
Aanandamaya.

Concept of Saattwik, Raajasik, Taamasik

Panch Paandavs