What is Personality?

4–1
Personality Traits

Personality
PersonalityDeterminants
Determinants

Heredity
Heredity

Environment
Environment

Situation
Situation

4–2
Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB

• Locus of control
• Machiavellianism
• Self-esteem
• Self-monitoring
• Propensity for risk taking
• Type A personality

4–3
Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB

• Core Self Evaluation

• Narcissism
• Proactive Personality

4
Locus of Control

4–5
Machiavellianism

Conditions
ConditionsFavoring
FavoringHigh
HighMachs
Machs

Direct
Directinteraction
interaction

Minimal
Minimalrules
rulesand
andregulations
regulations

Distracting
Distractingemotions
emotions

4–6
Self-Esteem and Self-Monitoring

4–7
 Risk-Taking
• High Risk-taking Managers
– Make quicker decisions.
– Use less information to make decisions.
– Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial organizations.
• Low Risk-taking Managers
– Are slower to make decisions.
– Require more information before making decisions.
– Exist in larger organizations with stable environments.
• Risk Propensity
– Aligning managers’ risk-taking propensity to job requirements
should be beneficial to organizations.

4–8
Personality Types

4–9
Personality Types

4–10
Personality Types

4–11
• Core Self Evaluation

• Narcissism

• Proactive Personality

12
Theories of Personality

13
1. Intraphychic Theory of Sigmund Freud
– Id
– Ego
– Super Ego

14
2. Type theory:-
Sheldon's physiognomy theory: -

William Sheldon has presented a unique body -

type - temperamental model that represents a
link between anatomical , psychological traits
and characteristics of an individual with his
behaviour.

15
Type theory:- Sheldon's physiognomy theory:

Three body types:-

• Endomorph: -
Bulky and beloved, the person seeks comfort, loves fine
food, and eats too much, jovial, affectionate & liked by all
persons.
• Mesomorph: -
They are basically strong, athletic and tough. Fond of
muscular activities. Tends to be highly aggressive and self-
assertive.
• Ectomorph: -
These people are thin, long & poorly developed physically.
They are labeled as absent-minded, shy but brilliant.

16
• Carl Jung extrovert & introvert theory

17
• 3. Trait theory
• GORDEN ALLPORT'S Trait theory of
personality.

– Cardinal trait
– Central trait
– Secondary traits

18
4. SOCIAL LEARNING & BEHAVIOURABLE
THEORY
• Personality development is more a result of
social variables then biological derives
• BANDURA'S AND WALTER'S Social Learning
Theory

19
5. HUMANISTIC THEORY
• PERSONALITY AS SELF
• ABRAHEM MASLOW’s Self actualization theory
of personality

20
 Development of Personality
• Freud believed that personality development
is the result of various ways in which the
sexual instinct (also called the libido) is
satisfied during the course of life

• These stages are called the psychosexual

stages

21
 Psychosexual Stages
• Oral Stage (birth to 18 months)
• Anal Stage (18 months to 3 ½ years)
• Phallic Stage (after age 3)
• Latency Stage (5 or 6 to 12 or 13)
• Genital Stage (begins at puberty)

22
 Erik Erikson
• Eight stages of personality development
– Trust vs. mistrust
– Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
– Initiative vs. guilt
– Industry vs. inferiority
– Identity vs. role confusion
– Intimacy vs. isolation
– Generativity vs. stagnation
– Ego integrity vs. despair

23
Chris's immaturity to maturity stages

- From passivity to activity.

– From dependency to independence.
– From selective behaviour to diverse behaviour.
– From shallow interest to deep interest.
– From short time prospective to long time prospective.
– From subordinate position to super-ordinate position.
– From lack of self-awareness to self-awareness and
control.

24
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
&
The Big Five Model

25
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Personality
PersonalityTypes
Types

Extroverted
Extrovertedor
orIntroverted
Introverted(E(Eor
orI)I)

Sensing
Sensingor
orIntuitive
Intuitive(S
(Sor
orN)
N)

Thinking
Thinkingor
orFeeling
Feeling(T
(Tor
orF)
F)

Perceiving
Perceivingor
orJudging
Judging(P(Por
orJ)J)

4–26
 Sixteen
Primary
Traits

EXHIBIT 4-2

4–27
The Big Five Model

28
Extraversion – Comfort level with relationships

• Why It is Relevant?
– Better Interpersonal Skills
– Greater Social Dominance
– More Emotionally Expressive

• What Does it Affect?

– Higher Performance
– Enhanced Leadership
– Higher Job & Life Satisfaction

Gregarious, Assertive, Sociable, Lively, Outgoing, Talkative

29
The Big Five Model

30
Agreeableness – Ability to get along with others

• Why It is Relevant?
– Better Liked
– More Compliant and Conforming, Rule abiding

• What Does it Affect?

– Higher Performance
– Lower levels of Deviant Behavior

Cooperative, Empathetic, Caring/Cold, Uncooperative, Self centered

31
The Big Five Model

32
 Openness
• Why It is Relevant?
– Increased Learning
– More Creative & Innovative
– More Flexible and Autonomous
• What Does it Affect?
– Training Performance
– Enhanced Leadership
– More Adaptable to Change

33
The Big Five Model

34
 Emotional Stability
• Why It is Relevant?
– Less negative thinking & fewer negative emotions
– Less Hyper – Vigilant

• What Does it Affect?

– Higher Life Satisfaction
– Higher Job Satisfaction
– Lower Stress Levels

Calm, Confident , Secure/ Nervous, Depressed, Anxious, Insecure

35
The Big Five Model

36
Conscientiousness – A Measure of Reliability

• Why It is Relevant?
– Greater Effort and Persistence
– More Drive and Discipline
– Better Organized and Planning
• What Does it Affect?
– Higher Job Performance
– Enhanced Leadership
– Greater Longevity

Dependable, Responsible, Organized, Systematic/ Unreliable,

Irresponsible, Careless, Disorganized

37
John Holland’s - Personality-Job Fit
Fit Between a Person’s Interests
&
His/her Occupational Environment

Satisfaction and Propensity to leave a job depends on

the degree to which individuals
successfully match their personalities with a
congruent occupational environment
38
Job Fit Theory

Six
SixPersonality
PersonalityTypes
Types
Realistic
Realistic

Investigative
Investigative

Social
Social

Conventional
Conventional

Enterprising
Enterprising

Artistic
Artistic

39
 Job Fit Theory
• Realistic – Prefers Physical Activities that requires Skill,
Strength & Coordination, confirming, Shy

• Investigative – Prefers Activities that involves Thinking,

Organizing and Understanding, Analytical, curious,
independent

• Social - Prefers Activities that involves Helping and

Developing Others, Sociable, cooperative,
understanding
40
 Job Fit Theory
• Conventional – Prefers Rule regulated, Orderly and
Unambiguous activities, efficient, inflexible

• Enterprising – Prefer verbal activities where there are

opportunities to influence others and attain power. Self
confident, ambitious

• Artistic – Prefer Ambiguous and Unsystematic activities

that allow creative expression. Imaginative, emotional,
impractical
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Quiz Time !!!!

42
• Social worker, Teacher, Counsellor, Psychologist

• Mechanic, Farmer, Drill Operator

• Economist, Biologist, Journalist, Mathematician

• Accountant, Bank Manager, file Clerk

• Lawyer, Real Estate agent, Public relations Specialist, Small

Business Managers

• Painter, Musicians, Writer Interior decorator

43
 Holland’s
Typology of
Personality
and
Congruent
Occupations

4–44
Measuring Personality

45
 Measuring Personality
• Personality Inventories – Example
– LOC by J B Rotter
– Sinha anxiety inventory
– Saxena adjustment test
– Maudsley personality inventory

46
 Measuring Personality
• Projective Tests
– Inkblot Test by Herman Rorschach
– Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) by Morgan &
Murray
– Sentence Completion Test
– Word Association Test
– Picture Frustration Test

47
 Measuring Personality
• Assessment Centre
• The personal interview
• Direct observation
• Situation test
• Predictive Index

48