Attitude

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 Concept : attitude
• Attitudes are evaluative statements or
judgements concerning objects, people or
events- S.P. Robbins
• Attitudes are learned predispositions (held
belief) toward aspects of our environment.
They can be positively or negatively directed
towards certain people, service or
institutions. – N.L. Munn.

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 Components of Attitudes
Cognitive component
The opinion or belief segment of an attitude.
Attitudes Belief, opinion, knowledge, information held by
an individual towards, event, people, objects.
Evaluative
statements or
Affective Component
judgments The emotional or feeling segment of an
concerning attitude. Feelings, sentiments, moods, emotion
about some person, idea event or objects
objects,
people, or
events. Behavioral Component
An intention to behave in a certain way toward
someone or something. A predisposition to act
on a favourable or unfavourable evaluation of
something.
 Types of Attitudes/ Major job related attitudes.
Job Satisfaction
A collection of positive and/or negative feelings that an individual holds
toward his or her job. Favourable / positive emotional state towards ones
job.
Determining factors : pay, work itself, promotion opportunities, supervision,
co-workers

Job Involvement
Identifying oneself with the job, actively participating in it, and considering
performance important to self-worth. Higher job involvement results in low
absenteeism and labour turnover.

Organizational Commitment
Identifying with a particular organization and its goals, and wishing to
maintain membership in the organization.
It is a loyalty towards the organization

3–4
 Cognitive Dissonance
• Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or
between behavior and attitudes.
• cognitive dissonance is an anxiety caused by holding two
contradictory ideas simultaneously.
• This theory proposes that people are motivated to reduce
the congnitive dissonance. This can be done by changing
attitude, beliefs, behaviour, justifying or rationalizing the
contradictory ideas.

3–5
 Reason for cognitive dissonance
• Cognitive dissonance occurs when a person
perceives a logical inconsistency in their
beliefs, when one idea implies the opposite
of another.
• A powerful cause of dissonance is an idea in
conflict with a fundamental element of the
self concept – knowing oneself, (truly
knowing who you are )

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 How Employees Can Express
Dissatisfaction
Exit Voice
Behavior directed toward Active and constructive
leaving the organization. attempts to improve
conditions.

Loyalty Neglect
Passively waiting for Allowing conditions to
conditions to improve. worsen.
 Job Satisfaction and OCB
• Satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship
Behavior (OCB)
– Satisfied employees who feel fairly treated by and
are trusting of the organization are more willing to
engage in behaviors that go beyond the normal
expectations of their job.
 Personality
• Behaviour =f(personality, Environment)
• Every individual is unique in terms of their
physiological, psychological properties.
• This differences make up their personalities
unique i.e. one’s personality will be different
from another’s personality
• To analyse organizational problems, the
manager must understand the unique
personalities of employees working in the
orgn.
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 Definition : personality
• Personality is the sum total ways in which an
individual reacts and interacts with others. –
S.P. Robbins.
• Personality is relatively stable set of
psychologicl attributes that distinguish one
person from another.- Moorhead & Griffin

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 Determinants of personality
1. The nature (inborn factors)
1. Biological factors
1. Heredity
2. Brain
3. Physical features
2. Nurture (developed later – environmental
and situational factors)
1. Cultural factors
2. Family and social factors
1. Identification process
2. Socialization process
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 What is Personality?
Personality
The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts
and interacts with others.

Personality Traits
Enduring characteristics Personality
Personality
that describe an Determinants
Determinants
individual’s behavior. • •Heredity
Heredity
• •Environment
Environment
• •Situation
Situation

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The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
A personality test that taps four characteristics and
classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types.

Personality
PersonalityTypes
Types
• •Extroverted
Extrovertedvs.
vs.Introverted
Introverted(E (EororI)I)
• •Sensing
Sensingvs.
vs.Intuitive
Intuitive(S
(SororN)
N)
• •Thinking
Thinkingvs.
vs.Feeling
Feeling(T
(TororF)
F)
• •Judging
Judgingvs.
vs.Perceiving
Perceiving(P(PororJ)J)

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 EXTRAVERSION
• Direct energy outward
toward people and things
• Orientation – after thinkers
• Work Environment
– Action-oriented
– Prefer to be around
others
– Many interests
INTROVERSION
• Direct energy inward
toward ideas and concepts
• Orientation – fore thinkers
• Work Environment
– Quiet and concentrated
– Prefer to be alone
– Interests have depth
 SENSING
• Focus on five
senses(experience)
• Details, practicality, reality
• Work Environment
– Prefer learned skills
– Pay attention to details
– Make few factual errors
INTUITION
• Focus on the
possibilities(sixth sense)
• Patterns and expectations
• Work Environment
– Prefer adding new skills
– Looks at the big picture
– Patient with complexity
 THINKING FEELING
• Focus – logic of a • Focus – human values
situation, truth and and needs, people and
principles harmony
• Work Environment – • Work Environment –
brief and businesslike friendly and personal
• Contributions – • Contributions – loyal
intellectual criticism, support, care and
solutions to problems concern for others
 JUDGING PERCEPTION
• Attitude – decisive, • Attitude – curious,
planful, self- spontaneous, flexible,
regimented, purposeful adaptable, tolerant
• Work Environment – • Work Environment –
focus on completing focus on starting tasks,
tasks, makes decisions postpones decisions
quickly
The Big Five Model of Personality
Extroversion
Dimensions
Sociable, gregarious, and assertive

Agreeableness
Good-natured, cooperative, and trusting.

Conscientiousness
Responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.

Emotional Stability
Calm, self-confident, secure (positive) versus nervous, depressed,
and insecure (negative).

Openness to Experience
Imaginativeness, artistic, sensitivity, and intellectualism.

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 Major Personality Attributes
Influencing OB
• Locus of control
• Machiavellianism
• Self-esteem
• Self-monitoring
• Risk taking
• Type A personality

4–19
 Locus of Control
Locus of Control
The degree to which people believe they are
masters of their own fate.

Internals
Individuals who believe that they control what happens to
them.

Externals
Individuals who believe that what happens to them is
controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance.

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 Machiavellianism
Machiavellianism (Mach)
Degree to which an individual is pragmatic,
maintains emotional distance, and believes that
ends can justify means.

Conditions
ConditionsFavoring
FavoringHigh
HighMachs
Machs
••Direct
Directinteraction
interaction
••Minimal
Minimalrules
rulesand
andregulations
regulations
••Emotions
Emotionsdistract
distractfor
forothers
others

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Self-Esteem and Self-Monitoring
Self-Esteem (SE)
Individuals’ degree of liking or disliking themselves.

Self-Monitoring
A personality trait that measures an individuals
ability to adjust his or her behavior to external,
situational factors.

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 Risk-Taking
• High Risk-taking Managers
– Make quicker decisions
– Use less information to make decisions
– Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial organizations
• Low Risk-taking Managers
– Are slower to make decisions
– Require more information before making decisions
– Exist in larger organizations with stable environments
• Risk Propensity
– Aligning managers’ risk-taking propensity to job requirements
should be beneficial to organizations.
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 Personality Types
Proactive Personality
Identifies opportunities, shows initiative, takes
action, and perseveres until meaningful change
occurs.
Creates positive change in the environment,
regardless or even in spite of constraints or
obstacles.

4–24
 Achieving Person-Job Fit
Personality-Job Fit Theory (Holland)
Identifies six personality types
Personality
PersonalityTypes
Types
and proposes that the fit
between personality type and ••Realistic
Realistic
occupational environment ••Investigative
Investigative
determines satisfaction and
••Social
Social
turnover.
••Conventional
Conventional
••Enterprising
Enterprising
••Artistic
Artistic

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