TOPIK 4 What is Personality?

Personality
The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with
others; measurable traits a person exhibits.
PERSONALITY
Personality Traits Personality
And Enduring characteristics that Determinants

VALUES describe an individual’s

behavior.
•Heredity
•Environment
•Situation
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The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Meyers-Briggs, Continued

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people A Meyers-Briggs score
into 1 of 16 personality types.
– Can be a valuable too for self-awareness and career
Personality Types guidance
•Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I) BUT
•Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N) – Should not be used as a selection tool because it has not
•Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)
been related to job performance!!!
•Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)
Score is a combination of all four (e.g., ENTJ)

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The Big Five Model of Personality Dimensions

Extroversion
Sociable, gregarious, and assertive
Agreeableness
Good-natured, cooperative, and trusting.
Conscientiousness
Responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.
Emotional Stability
Calm, self-confident, secure under stress (positive), versus nervous,
depressed, and insecure under stress (negative).
Openness to Experience
Curious, imaginative, artistic, and sensitive
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 THE DARK TRIAD Narcissism
• The dark triad – A constellation of negative personality traits Narcissism – the tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of
consisting of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. self-importance, require excessive admiration and have a sense of
entitlement
• Machiavellianism (Mach) - Degree to which an individual is pragmatic,
A Narcissistic Person
maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify
•Has grandiose sense of self-importance
means.
•Requires excessive admiration
• Conditions Favoring High Machs •Has a sense of entitlement
•Is arrogant
•Direct interaction with others •Tends to be rated as less effective
•Minimal rules and regulations
•Emotions distract for others

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Psychopathy Other Personality Traits Relevant to OB

• Core Self-evaluation – have 2 main components :
• Psychopathy – the tendency for a lack of concern for others and a 1. Self Esteem - Individuals’ degree of liking or disliking themselves.
lack of guilt or remorse when their actions cause harm. 2. Locus of Control - The degree to which people believe they are masters of their own
fate.
• Approach – Avoidance Framework has cast personality traits as Internals (Internal locus of control)
motivations. Individuals who believe that they control what happens to them.
Externals (External locus of control)
• Approach – Avoidance Framework – the framework by which Individuals who believe that what happens to them is controlled by outside forces such
individuals react to stimuli, whereby approach motivation is as luck or chance.
attraction to positive stimuli and avoidance motivation is our • Self-monitoring- A personality trait that measures an individuals ability to adjust his
or her behavior to external, situational factors. High Self-Monitors ; (1) Receive
aversion to negative stimuli. better performance ratings, (2) Likely to emerge as leaders and (3) Show less
commitment to their organizations
• Proactive Personality-people who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action,
and persevere until meaningful change occurs.

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Personality and Situation VALUES IN THE WORKPLACE

• Situation Strength Theory – A theory indicating that the way personality
translates into behavior depends on the strength of the situation
• Researchers have analyzed situation strength in organizations in terms of four
elements :
1. Clarify- the degree to which cues about work duties and responsibilities are
available and clear.
2. Consistency – the extent to which cues regarding work duties and
responsibilities are compatible with one another.
3. Constraints – the extent to which individuals’ freedom to decide or act is
limited by forces outside their control.
4. Consequences – the degree to which decisions or actions have important
implications for the organization or its members, clients, suppliers and so on.
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• If you want to understand a person’s behavior, you must understand his
or her values.
• Value is evaluative beliefs that guide our preferences for outcomes or
courses of action in a variety of situations. They are perceptions about
what is good or bad.
• Value system : A hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual’s values
in terms of their intensity (people arrange values into a hierarchy of
preferences). Each person’s unique value system is developed and
reinforced through socialization from parents, religious institutions,
friends, personal experiences and the society in which he or she lives . A
person’s hierarchy of values is stable and long lasting.
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 Importance of Values The Rokeach Survey (individual values)
• Provide understanding of the attitudes, motivation, and behaviors of
individuals and cultures.
• Influence our perception of the world around us.
• Represent interpretations of “right” and “wrong.”
• Imply that some behaviors or outcomes are preferred over others.
Types of Values
• Terminal Values- Desirable end-states of existence; the goals that a
person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime.
• Instrumental Values - Preferable modes of behavior or means of
achieving one’s terminal values

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Generational Values Linking on Individual’s Personality and Values to the

Entered Approximate Workplace
Cohort Dominant Work Values
Workforce Current Age
Veterans 1950-1964 65+ Hard working, conservative, • Person –job fit
conforming; loyalty to the • Person organization fit
organization
Boomers 1965-1985 40-60s Success, achievement, ambition,
dislike of authority; loyalty to Holland’s
Typology of
career Personality
Xers 1985-2000 20-40s Work/life balance, team-oriented, and
Congruent
dislike of rules; loyalty to Occupations
relationships
Nexters/ 2000-Present Under 30 Confident, financial success, self-
Millenials reliant but team-oriented; loyalty
to both self and relationships

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Values across Cultures/International Values:

Hofstede’s Framework
• Power Distance
• Individualism vs. Collectivism
• Masculinity vs. Femininity
• Uncertainty Avoidance
• Long-term and Short-term orientation

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