Essentials of Organizational Behavior, 8/e

Stephen P. Robbins

Chapter 10
Leadership and
Creating Trust
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 Leadership

• Ability to
influence a group
toward the
achievement of
goals

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 Trait Theories – 1990s
Seven traits seemed to differ leaders
from non-leaders:
• ambition and • intelligence
energy • high self-
• desire to lead monitoring
• honesty and • job-relevant
integrity knowledge
• self-confidence

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• Researchers began organizing traits
around the Big Five personality
framework

• Resulted in consistent and strong

support for traits as predictors of
leadership

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• Traits do a better job at
predicting the emergence of
leaders than in actually
distinguishing between effective
and ineffective leaders

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 Behavioral Theories
• Assumes people can be trained
to lead
• Researched the behaviors of
specific leaders
• Provides the basis of design for
training programs

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 Ohio State Studies
• Developed two categories of
leadership behavior
– Initiating structure - attempts to
organize work, work relationships,
and goals
– Consideration - concern for
followers’ comfort, well-being, status,
and satisfaction

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University of Michigan Studies

• Employee-oriented - emphasize
interpersonal relations
• Production-oriented -
emphasize the technical or task
aspects of the job

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 Limitations of Behavioral
Theories
• Did not identify consistent
relationships between leadership
behavior and group performance

• Missing consideration of the

situational factors that influence
success and failure

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 Contingency Theories

• Fiedler
• Path-goal
• Leader-participation

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 Fiedler Leadership Model
• Effective group performance depends
on the proper match between the
leader’s style of interacting with
subordinates and the degree to which
the situation gives control and
influence to the leader
• Least-preferred co-worker (LPC)
questionnaire
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Fiedler Contingency Dimensions

• Leader-member relations
• Task structure
• Position power

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Fiedler Model

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Leader-Member Exchange Theory

• Leaders do differentiate among

followers
• Disparities are far from random
• Followers with in-group status have:
– higher performance ratings
– lower turnover intentions
– greater satisfaction with their superiors
– higher overall satisfaction than those in the
out-group

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 Path-Goal Theory

• Leader’s job is to assist followers in

attaining their goals and to provide
the direction and support needed to
ensure that their goals are compatible
with the overall objectives of the
organization
• Acceptable, Motivational

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 Path-Goal Theory

• Directive leader
• Supportive leader
• Participative leader
• Achievement-oriented leader
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Path-Goal Theory

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 Leader-Participation Model

• Leader behavior must adjust to

reflect the task structure
• Sequential set of rules that should
be followed in determining the form
and amount of participation in
decision making

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Transactional Transformational
leaders - motivate leaders - inspire
their followers in followers to transcend
the direction of their own self-
established goals interests for the good
by clarifying role of the organization
and task
requirements

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Charismatic Leadership Theory

• Followers make attributions of

heroic or extraordinary leadership
abilities when they observe certain
behaviors

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 Charismatic Leaders

• Have vision
• Willing to take risks to achieve that
vision
• Sensitive to both environmental
constraints and follower needs
• Exhibit behaviors that are out of the
ordinary
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 How Charismatic Leaders
Influence Followers
• Articulates an appealing vision
• Communicates high performance
expectations
• Conveys, through words and actions, a
new set of values
• Makes self-sacrifices and engages in
unconventional behavior to demonstrate
convictions about the vision

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Increasing body of research shows
impressive correlations between
charismatic leadership and high
performance and satisfaction
among followers

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 Contemporary Issues

• Role of emotional intelligence in

leadership effectiveness
• Ethical implications in leadership
• Need to modify leadership style to
cultural differences

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 Emotional Intelligence (EI)

• Recent studies indicate that EI is

the best predictor
of who will
emerge as a
leader

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 What is Trust?

• A positive expectation that another

will not--through words, actions, or
decisions--act opportunistically
• Familiarity, Risk

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Trust Dimensions

Integrity

Competence Consistency

Loyalty Openness

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 Three Types of Trust

• Deterrence-based

• Knowledge-based

• Identification-based

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 How to Build Trust
• Practice openness
• Be fair
• Speak your feelings
• Tell the truth
• Show consistency
• Fulfill your promises
• Maintain confidences
• Demonstrate competence
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