TECHNICAL SEMINAR

ON

OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

 
WHAT IS A OPTICAL FIBER?

An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent

fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a
diameter slightly thicker than that of a human
hair. Optical fibers are used most often as a means
to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber
and find wide usage in fiber-optic
communications.
Optical fibers typically include a core
surrounded by a transparent cladding material
with a lower index of refraction. Light is kept in
the core by the phenomenon of total internal
reflection which causes the fiber to act as a
waveguide.
FIBER OPTIC CABLE CONSTRUCTION
 FIBER OPTIC CABLE IS MADE UP OF ,

1. CORE
2. CLADDING
3. COATING
4. STRENGTHENING FIBERS
5. CABLE JACKET
 PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
An optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric waveguide (non conducting
waveguide) that transmits light along its axis, by the process of total internal
reflection.
The fiber consists of a core surrounded by a cladding layer, both of which
are made of dielectric materials. To confine the optical signal in the core, the
refractive index of the core must be greater than that of the cladding.
The boundary between the core and cladding may either be abrupt, in
step-index fiber, or gradual, in graded-index fiber.
 OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

• Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one

place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber.

• The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry

information.

• Because of its advantages over electrical transmission, optical fibers have

largely replaced copper wire communications in core networks in
the developed world.

• Most optical communication systems have electrical connections. The

transmitter converts the electric signal to a light signal and sends it through the
fiber to the receiver.

• The receiver converts the light signal back to an electric signal. In some
systems a series of these links carry the signal far.
GENERATIONS
• FIRST GENERATION
• FOURTH GENERATION
BIT RATE : 45 MB/S BIT RATE : 10 TB/S
REPEATER SPACING : 10 KM REPEATER SPACING : > 10,000 KM

• SECOND GENERATION
• FIFTH GENERATION
BIT RATE : 100 MB/S TO 1.7 GB/S BIT RATE : 40 - 160 GB/S
REPEATER SPACING : 50 KM REPEATER SPACING : 24000 KM -

35000 KM
• THIRD GENERATION

BIT RATE : 10 GB/S

REPEATER SPACING : 100 KM

 NEED OF FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION
Fiber optic communication system has emerged as most important
communication system. Compared to traditional system because of following
requirements :

• 1. In long haul transmission system there is need of low loss transmission

medium

• 2. There is need of compact and least weight transmitters and receivers.

• 3. There is need of increase the span of transmission.
• 4. There is need of increased bit rate-distance product.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
 USAGE OF FIBRE OPTICS IN TELECOMMUNICATION

• Local telephone network were the first major users of fiber optics. Fiber optic links
were used to replace copper or digital radio links between telephone switches.

• For the long distance links and with good bandwidth capabilities, fibers are
significantly more cost effective.
• Tele communication companies use fiber to connect all their central offices and long
distance switches, because it has much bandwidth than copper wire and can carry signals
to the long distances without a need of repeater.
ADVANTAGES

• Wide Bandwidth
• Low Losses
• Immune To Cross Talk
• Light Weight
• Small Size
• Security
• Long Distance Transmission
• Sage And Easy Installation
 APPLICATIONS

• URBAN BROADBAND SERVICE NETWORKS

• TELEPHONE NETWORKS