Properties of metals

Properties of Materials
Properties of Materials

Physical & chemical

Mechanical Properties
Properties

Yield strength Thermal conductivity

Ultimate strength Thermal expansion
Ductility Electrical conductivity
Hardness Magnetic properties
Toughness Corrosion
Fatigue (cyclic load) Density
Creep (temp / time) Melting point
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Yield strength:
The highest stress a material can withstand and still return exactly to its
original size when unloaded.
Ultimate strength:
The greatest strength that material can withstand is called ultimate strength.
Modulus of elasticity:
The slope of the straight portion of the stress strain curve.
Ductility:
The extent of plastic deformation that a material undergoes before fracture
Resilience:
Measure of the ability of a material to absorb energy up to elastic limit
Toughness:
Measure of the ability of a material to absorb energy up to fracture.
 Material Strength
Ductile Steel (low carbon)
Standard Tensile Test
Standard Specimen

Sy – yield strength
Su – fracture strength

σ (stress) = Load / Area

ε (strain) = (change in length) / (original length)
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 Material Strength
Different grade of steel Plastics

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Relative mechanical properties of various materials at room temp. in
decreasing order.

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Ductility of material
 Toughness of a material

• Charpy impact test

• Izod impact test

Ductile Brittle
Hardness:

Hardness is a measure of a material’s resistance to localized

plastic deformation (e.g. small dent or a scratch).
Determination of hardness:
•Brinell hardness tester
•Rockwell hardness tester
•Vicker hardness tester
•Knoop hardness tester
Hardness tests are performed more frequently than other
mechanical test for several reasons:
1. They are simple and inexpensive –ordinarily no special
specimen need be prepared, and the testing apparatus is
relatively inexpensive.
2. The test is nondestructive –the specimen is neither
fractured nor excessively deformed; a small indentation
is the only deformation.
3. Other mechanical properties often may be estimated
from hardness data, such as tensile strength, e.g, for
most steels
tensile strength(MPa) = 3.2 * Brinell Hardness (HB)
Fatigue:

Fatigue is the form of failure that occurs in structures subjected

to dynamic and fluctuating stresses(e.g bridges,aircraft,and
machine components).
•Under these circumstances it is possible for failure to occur at
a stress level considerably lower than the tensile or yield
strength for a static load

Determination of fatigue strength:

•Fatigue testing machine

• Plot S- N curve
Creep:

creep (sometimes called cold flow) is the tendency of

a solid material to move slowly or deform permanently under
the influence of mechanical stresses. It can occur as a result of
long-term exposure to high levels of stress that are still below
the yield strength of the material