Review of Related Literature

A Literature Review on “PORTABLE GENERATOR POWERED WITH VEGETABLE OIL”

Generator comes with many different sources. Wind energy was also a source of
electrical energy that wind is continuously blowing. Solar panels have been also converted
solar power to electrical power which is now abundant in many tropical countries.

Portable Generators are made by the use of fuel, diesel or gasoline. By that it is
useful in many ways such as smoke free, less fuel consumption and etc. The main problem is
the rising price of fuel in the market which is very needed to make the generator operate.

In order to help to the other sources electrical energy like solar panel and wind
turbines to proven also one the sources of electrical energy to every countries in the world.

Electromagnetism

In Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, it present itself in two different

forms. First is a moving conductor cutting the lines of force (flux) of a constant magnetic
field has a voltage induced in it. Second is a changing magnetic flux inside a loop made from
a conductor material will induce a voltage in the loop. It presents both cases of
electromagnetic induction and provides a basic relationship between the induced voltages
in a wire moving across a constant field, for the second case. (Kerszenbaum & Klempner,
2004)

However, in the Ampere- Biot- Savart’s Law of Electromagnetic Induced Forces, it

presents the simplest form this law can see as the “reverse” of Faraday’s law. While Faraday
predicts a voltage induced in a conductor moving across a magnetic field, this law
established that a force generated on a current carrying conductor located in a magnetic
Field. It also the existing numeral relationships, and a simple hand-rule to determine the
direction of the resultant force. (Kerszenbaum & Klempner, 2004)

In the law Lenz’s Law, it states that the electromagnetic- induced currents and forces
will try to cancel the originating cause. The induced magnetic field that moved due to forces
will be on downward position the magnet moved either inside or outside. (Kerszenbaum &
Klempner, 2004)

In contrast, Theory of Operation, AC Generator has a strong magnetic field, and

means by which a continuous connection provided to the conductors as they are rotating.
The strong magnetic field produced by a current flow through the field coil of rotor.

The field coil in the rotor receives excitation through the use of slip rings and
brushes. Two brushes are spring- held in contact with the slip rings to provide the
continuous connection between the field coil and the external excitation circuit. Each time
the rotor makes one complete revolution, one complete cycle of AC is developed a
generator has many turns of wire wound into the slots of the rotor. (Integrated Publishing,
n.d.)

Generator Components

Permanent magnet machines are well-known and spreading class of rotating and
linear electric machines used in monitoring and generating. More recently, they have
applied to more in demand applications, which is the result of availability of low-cost power
electronic control devices and improvement of permanent magnet characteristics.

In general, modern permanent magnet machines are competitive in both

performance and cost with many types of machines. The generator are divided into two
groups: geared machines and direct-driven machines.

Currently, the tendency to eliminate the gearbox from the permanent magnet
generator structure is increasing because the gearbox brings additional weight and costs,
demands regular maintenance, generates noise and incurs losses.

Vegetable Oil as a Component to Generator

According to (Hoang & Nguyen, 2017) vegetable oils may compared to diesel fuel in
terms of cetane number, vaporization heat, and ratio between stoichiometric air and fuel.
Furthermore, vegetable oils are biodegradable, non-toxic, renewable fuel materials that
offer significant reduction in sulfur oxides, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, smoke, and noise.

But (Abu- Hamdeh & Alnefaie, 2015) investigated the use of vegetable oils as
alternative fuels. Some of these studies reveal that there is a little harm including lubricating
oil thickening, injector choking, and gum formation ring sticking.

(Seddon, 1942) experimented with using several different vegetable oils in a Perkins
P 6 diesel engine with the great success during World War II. The result of this experiment
showed that the vegetable oils could be used to power a vehicle under normal operating
conditions.

(Reid, 1942) evaluated the chemical and physical property of fourteen vegetable oils.
These studies pointed out that the oils have very differently from petroleum- based fuels.
Because it change, the behavior was attributed to the vegetable oils high viscosity. Engine
test and showed that carbon deposit in the engine were reduced it if the oil was heated
prior to combustion.

Moreover, (Goering, 1981) studied the characteristic properties of eleven vegetable

oils and to determine in which oils would be best suited for use as an alternative fuel source
out of eleven oil tested there are five vegetable oils namely: corn, rapeseed, sesame,
cottonseed, and soy beans oils had the best and most favorable fuel properties.

In the same view point, (Bruwer, 1980) studied the use of sunflower seed oil as a
renewable energy source. This power was loss to correct by replacing the fuel injectors and
injector pump. After 1300 hours of operation, the carbon deposits in the engine reported
that the equivalent to an engine fueled with 100% diesel except for the injector tips, which
exhibited excessive carbon build-up.

Likewise, (Tahir, 1982) tested sunflower oil as a replacement for diesel fuel in
agricultural tractors. Oxidation of the sunflower oil left the heavy of gum and wax and
deposits it to test the equipment which could lead to engine failure. Engine performance
using the sunflower oil was similar to that of diesel fuel, but with a slight decrease in fuel
economy.

Contrary to what Bruwer and Tahir studied and tested, (Schoeder, 1981) used a
rapeseed oil as a diesel fuel in Germany with mixed result. The Short-term of engine test
indicate and rapeseed oil had a similar as an energy outputs when compared it to the diesel
fuel. As an initial, the long term-term engine tests and showed that difficulties arose in
engine operation after 100 hours due to deposits on piston rings, valves, and injectors.

Moreover, the investigator indicated that the long-term tested that we needed to
determine if these difficulties could be adverted.

According to (Bacon, 1918) he evaluated the use of several vegetable oils as

potential fuel sources. The Initial engine perform and tests by using vegetable oils were
found to be acceptable, while noting that the use of these oils caused carbon build up in the
combustion chamber.

In the short two hour test were used to visually, he compared the effects of using
different vegetable oils in the place of diesel fuel and continue to run of a diesel engine at
part- load and mid-speed was found to cause rapid carbon deposition rates on the injector
tips.

The result of short-term engine test result were promising, he recommended long-
term engine testing to determine t7he overall effects of using vegetable oils as a fuel in
diesel.

Similarly, (Auld, 1982) indicate that undergo long-term testing was needed to use
rapeseed oil to study the effect of using alternative fuel in diesel engines.

Vegetable Oil Component

Non-refined and refined vegetable fats and oils is applied by heat at a temperature
of 170⁰C after adding a water conditioned silica gel for two hours. The tainted products
were measured to assess the oil stability at enough frying temperature. The determination
of polymeric triglycerides by size exclusion high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was
accepted out for the estimation of the oxidative heat stability of vegetable fats and oils.

Ascorbic acid 6- palmitate and some phytosterol fractions were found to have the
greatest antioxidant activity. Corn oil has high stability than soybean and rapeseed oil is
better than olive oil. It was observed that non-refined oils proved to have a better stability
at elevated temperature than refined oils.

It is believed that a radical peroxidation mechanism prevails at lower temperatures.

When a large volume of oil is heated in a fryer and the oxygen supply is poor, non-radical
reactions such as elimination (acid catalyzed dehydration) or nucleophilic substitution take
place. (Gertz, Klostermann, & Kochhar, 2000)