PERFORMANCE AND TESTING OF SINGLE CYLINDER

COMBUSTION ENGINE OPERATED ON JATROPHA-DIESEL

BLENDED FUEL WITH ANTIOXIDANT

ABSTRACT
Biodiesel- diesel fuel made from animal or vegetable materials. Vehicle using biodiesel emit
fewer pollutants as compared to diesel fuel. Biodiesel it is a renewable fuel, composed by fatty
acid methyl (or ethyl) esters, produced by trans-esterification reaction between vegetable oils or
animal fats and methanol (or ethanol). Vegetable oils can be used as alternative fuel in diesel
engine. When vegetable oils are directly used as a fuel it is referred to as straight vegetable oils.
Straight vegetable oils (SVO) have cleaner combustion properties as compared to diesel fuel. If
we go for SVO it reduced PM, CO and HC emissions but NOx emission slightly increases with
SVO as compared with diesel fuel. Use of antioxidant is one of the best methods to reduce
formation of NOx. Objective of this paper is experimental study on stationary single cylinder CI
engine of 3.5kW rated power, operated on Jatropha-Diesel blended fuel with antioxidant p-
phenylenediamine to minimize NOx emission. Use of antioxidant is one of the best techniques.
When antioxidant is used it donates an electron or hydrogen atom to free radical to inhibit
oxidative process that is the main cause of NOx formation. Antioxidant works by reducing the
concentration of reactive radicals, chelating the transition metal catalyst, scavenging the
initiating radicals and chain breaking reactions. This report contains study of the effect of
antioxidant of various concentrations on emission of engine which works on various load range.
With different concentration of antioxidant (0.005%, 0.015%, 0.025%, 0.035% and 0.05% by
mass) NOx emission reduces for different loading condition and but emissions of HC and CO
were found slightly increased. Maximum NOx emissions reduction was found with 10% blend
and with the concentration of 0.025% by mass of antioxidant.
 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF CONSTANT COMPRESSION IGNITION

ENGINE FROM EXHAUST HEAT RECOVERY UNIT

ABSTRACT

A large quantity of hot flue gases is generated from boilers, furnaces, I.C. engines, etc. If some
of this waste heat could be recovered and put into use, a considerable amount of primary fuel
could be saved. Waste heat recovery (WHR) devices and cogeneration are successful energy
recovery techniques to improve the overall thermal efficiency of a system to a certain extent.
However, there is still a large potential to store and utilize the exit stream thermal energy by the
efficient implementation of suitable WHR systems, and improvement of the overall thermal
efficiency. Large capacity diesel engines are one of the most widely used power generation units.
Nearly two-thirds of the input energy is wasted through the exhaust gas and cooling water of
these engines. It is imperative that a serious and concrete effort should be launched for
conserving this energy through waste heat recovery techniques. Such a system would ultimately
reduce the overall energy requirement. Apart from the fast depleting nature of fossil fuels, the
combustion of these fuels leads to considerable thermal and environmental pollution, which is
threatening our eco system. The energy in the cooling water is usually considered as waste due to
its low temperature level. However, much attention is focused upon the exhaust gas waste heat,
and several methods are suggested to recover it. In a four stroke diesel engine, the temperature of
the exhaust gas is approximately 400–550 ºC at full load conditions. Hence, it is possible to
recover a large quantity of useful heat from these exhaust gases. There are various technologies
to recover waste heat from the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines. These include
thermoelectric generators, organic Rankine cycle, six-stroke cycle IC engine, refrigeration and
air conditioning etc. The present work deals with the modeling and simulation of a Heat
Recovery Unit (HRU) for a stationary C.I. engine with the assistance of Fluent in the Ansys
Workbench 15. The Heat Recovery Unit under consideration is a finned shell and tube type heat
exchanger which is used to extract heat from the exhaust gas of a stationary C.I engine. In this
shell and tube type heat exchanger, cylinder was made of mild steel with diameter 346 mm and
height 420 mm. 45 number of tubes of diameter 18 mm were fixed in the shell. The geometry of
the HRU was modeled using SOLIDWORKS which then imported into Fluent to run simulation.
CFD analysis of the HRU has been carried out considering two different Energy Storage
Material (ESM): Erythritol (Phase Change Material) and Shell Heat Transfer Oil S2 (Thermic
Oil). The developed model was able to predict the temperature distribution inside the HRU with
reasonable accuracy. The average error (between the simulation and experimental results)
obtained while using thermic oil and PCM as thermal energy storage materials in the HRU are
1.01% and 2.78% respectively. Since the model is validated, the simulation results are credible.
 CFD ANALYSIS OF SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION
SYSTEM USING ANSYS SOFTWARE

ABSTRACT

In recent years, CFD has been attracting much research and development attention from the solar
thermal industry because with CFD, effects of various design and operating parameters can be
analysed easily and cheaply that cannot be possible with experimental or theoretical studies.
Better understanding of the dynamics, underlying physics of the process or phenomenon
involved, optimization of existing and new processes can be possible and CFD overcome the
need to test the design and develop the actual system with each modification. Main objective of
this study is to develop the CFD model and simulate it with FLUENT to study the different
operating parameters of a solar flat plate collector and shell and tube heat exchanger and to
optimize its thermal performance. In this study, detailed literature survey has been carried out
and which include the important experimental, theoretical and CFD work carried out by different
researchers globally in the field of solar flat plate collector and shell and tube heat exchanger for
last two decades. The geometric modelling was modelled on SOLIDWORKS, meshing
(unstructured mesh), defining the types of boundaries of solar flat plate collector and shell and
tube heat exchanger and CFD analysis was carried out using FLUENT. For this purpose, a three-
dimensional, steady state model of solar flat plate collector and shell tube heat exchanger was
developed by employing energy equation with standard k-epsilon turbulence model. Various
important parameters such as mass flow rate of shell side, mass flow rate of tube side, solar
radiation, mass flow rate within the collector tubes are optimized to enhance the thermal
performance of the solar thermal energy conversion system. Variation in outlet temperature of
shell and tube fluid with respect to the variation in mass flow rate of shell and tube side fluid was
observed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Increase in solar radiation in
solar flat plate collector increases the outlet temperature of fluid and increase in mass flow rate
decreases the fluid outlet temperature.
 PERFORMANCE AND COMBUSTION ANALYSIS OF VARIABLE
COMPRESSION RATIO DIESEL ENGINE FUELLED WITH HYDROGEN

ABSTRACT

Alternative fuels are fetching attention among the researchers due to growing environmental
concerns all over the globe. One most prominent candidate of alternative fuels is hydrogen due to
its higher calorific value per unit mass basis, lower fuel consumption and clean burning
properties. Using hydrogen as an energy source has opened up a new direction for its highest
calorific value based on its mass basis. This research work focuses on the utilization of hydrogen
in diesel engine in gaseous form along with air at a fixed mass flow rate of 40gm/hr at a fixed
injection timing and fixed injection pressure while operating the engine at varied loads and
different compression ratios (16-22) in Variable Compression Ratio Engine set up 240PE.
Compression ratio 21 is found to be the optimum compression ratio in terms of maximum brake
thermal efficiency when the engine is run with diesel only. Performance parameters and
combustion analysis of hydrogen enriched diesel has been discussed and it has been observed the
brake thermal efficiency decreases and BSEC increases when hydrogen enriched diesel fuel is
used, but sustainable reduction in diesel mass flow rate has been observed as hydrogen takes part
in reaction, which is desirable. However, the exhaust gas temperature and cylinder pressure and
temperature is found to be higher during hydrogen enriched fuel as compared to the results
obtained when the engine is run with diesel only. For appraisal any source of energy in a large
scale basis, generates the need of determining its viability. This research study will assist the
researchers to carry out their researches further on hydrogen at various compression ratios and
will aid them with an outlook in its implementations.
 MODELING AND THERMAL ANALSYIS OF BALL BEARING USING FEM
METHOD WITH DIFFERENT MATERIALS

ABSTRACT

A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that uses balls to maintain the separation
between the moving parts of the bearing. The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational
friction and support radial and axial loads. It achieves this by using at least two races to contain
the balls and transmit the loads through the balls. Ball bearings tend to have lower load capacity
for their size than other kinds of rolling-element bearings due to the smaller contact area between
the balls and races. However, the bearing exhibit heat when they are in contact as they
experience friction. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the thermal
analysis and performance of ceramic ball bearing and conventional ball bearing. In this study a
thermal analysis was conducted on ceramic ball bearing and conventional ball bearing.To
analyze the heat transfer in a ceramic and conventional ball bearing and to study the heat
dissipation by varying materials for bearings, temperature profile, and thermal gradient occurring
in a bearing as a function of rotational speed. Thermal Analysis: The Finite Element Method
(FEM) and Analytical was used to analyze the heat flow and other parameters in a bearing.
Modelling of the system was done using CATIAV5. The analysis was done to study the heat
dissipation in the bearing for various materials.Production of many metals is aided by a
production technique also referred to as thermal analysis. In this project thermal analysis
between two bearings are carried out and the results are tabulated and compared. This project
also helps in learning CATIAV5 and ANSYS software’s. Bearing Materials- Ceramics, Chrome
Steels & Stainless Steels.
 DESIGN AND STATIC THERMAL ANALYSIS OF V8 ENGINE
CYLINDER BLOCK USING FEM METHOD

ABSTRACT

A V8 engine is a V engine with eight barrels mounted on the crankcase in two banks of four
chambers, much of the time set at a privilege plot to one another yet frequently at a narrower
edge, with each of the eight cylinders driving a typical crankshaft. In its simplest form, it is
basically two straight-4 engines sharing a common crankshaft. However, this simple
configuration, with a single-plane crankshaft, has the same secondary dynamic imbalance
problems as two straight-4s, resulting in vibrations in large engine displacements. As a result,
since the 1920s most V8s have used the somewhat more complex cross plane crankshaft with
heavy counterweights to eliminate the vibrations. This results in an engine which is smoother
than a V6, while being considerably less expensive than a V12 engine. Most racing V8 continue
to use the single plane crankshaft because it allows faster acceleration and more efficient exhaust
system designs. The V8 engine has served as the essential force plant for American vehicles
since the Ford Engine Company created the progressive flathead V8 engine for its Ford roadsters
in 1932. From that point forward, Chevrolet has delivered a great many little and huge piece
V8s, including the standard of all engines, the 350-cubic-inch V8, while Chrysler idealized the
Gigantic Hemi V-8 to power its muscle autos.