MEIOSIS

Meiosis
• The form of cell division by which gametes,
with ____ the number of _________, are
produced.

• Diploid (2n)  haploid (n)

• Meiosis is ___________________.
• ____ divisions (______________________).
______________________
 Fertilization
• The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a _____.
_____
• A zygote is a fertilized egg

sperm
n= n=
egg
2n=
zygote
 Meiosis
• _____ Cells divide to produce gametes
(sperm or egg).
egg)
• Gametes have half the # of chromosomes.
chromosomes
• Occurs only in gonads (______________).
Male:
Female:

• Meiosis is similar to mitosis with some

chromosomal differences.
Spermatogenesis
n=
human
sex cell
sperm
n=
n=

2n=
haploid (n)
n=
diploid (2n) n=

n=

meiosis I meiosis II
Meiosis – mouse testes
Parent cell
1st division

2nd division

4 gametes
 Interphase I
• Similar to a ______ _________.

• Chromosomes replicate (________).

• Each duplicated chromosome consist of two

__________ _______ ________ attached at
their _________.
_________

• _______ pairs also replicate.

 Interphase I
• _______ and _________ are visible.

chromatin nuclear
membrane

cell membrane

nucleolus
 Meiosis I (four phases)
• Cell division that reduces the chromosome
number by ____________.

• four phases:
phases
a. prophase I
b. metaphase I
c. anaphase I
d. telophase I
 Prophase I
• Longest and most complex phase ( %).
• Chromosomes _______.
• ________ occurs: homologous chromosomes
come together to form a tetrad.
tetrad
• Tetrad is ___ ________ or ____ __________
(sister and nonsister chromatids).
 Prophase I - Synapsis
Homologous chromosomes

sister chromatids sister chromatids

Tetrad
 Homologous Chromosomes
• Pair of chromosomes (________and
________ _______)
_______ that are
similar in shape and size.
• Homologous pairs (tetrads) carry genes controlling
the same inherited traits.
• Each locus (position of a gene) is in the same
position on homologues.
• Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.

a. 22 pairs of __________
b. 01 pair of ___ _____________
 Karyotype
• A method of organizing the chromosomes of a
cell in relation to number, size, and type.
Homologous Chromosomes

eye color eye color

locus locus

hair color hair color

locus locus

Paternal Maternal
Humans have 23 Sets of Homologous Chromosomes
Each Homologous set is made up of 2 Homologues.
Homologue

Homologue
 Autosomes
(The Autosomes code for most of the offspring’s traits)

In Humans the
“Autosomes”
are sets 1 - 22
21 trisomy – Downs
Syndrome

Can you see the

extra 21st
chromosome?

Is this person
male or female?
 Sex Chromosomes
The Sex Chromosomes code for the sex of the offspring.
** If the offspring has two “X” chromosomes it will be a female.
** If the offspring has one “X” chromosome and one “Y”
chromosome it will be a male.

In Humans the
“Sex
Chromosomes”
are the 23rd set

XX chromosome - female XY chromosome - male

Boy or Girl? The Y Chromosome “Decides”

Y chromosome
X chromosome
 Crossing Over
• Crossing over (variation) may occur between
_______ ________ at the __________.
__________
• Crossing over:
over segments of ______ ________
break and reattach to the other chromatid.
chromatid
• __________ (_______) are the sites of crossing
over.
over
 Crossing Over - variation
nonsister chromatids Tetrad

chiasmata: site variation

of crossing over
Another Way Meiosis Makes Lots of
Different Sex Cells – Crossing-Over

Crossing-over multiplies the already huge number of

different gamete types produced by independent
assortment.
 Sex Chromosomes

XX chromosome - female XY chromosome - male

 Prophase I
spindle fiber
centrioles

aster
fibers
 Metaphase I
• ________ phase
• _______ align on the metaphase plate.
plate
• INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OCCURS:
1. Orientation of homologous pair to poles is random.
2. Variation
3. Formula: 2n
Example: 2n = 4
then n=2
thus 22 = 4 combinations
 Metaphase I

OR

metaphase plate metaphase plate

 Question:
• In terms of Independent Assortment
-how many different combinations of
sperm could a human male produce?
 Answer
• Formula: 2n
• Human chromosomes: 2n = 46
n = 23

• 223 = ~__ million

combinations
 Anaphase I
• ______________________separate
______________________ and
move towards the poles.

• ____________________remain
____________________r attached at
their centromeres.
centromeres
Anaphase I
 Telophase I
• Each pole now has ______ set of
chromosomes.
chromosomes

• Cytokinesis occurs and ___ haploid daughter

cells are formed.
Telophase I
 Meiosis II
• No ________________
(or very short - no more _____________)
_____________

• Remember: Meiosis II is similar to

________.
 Prophase II
• same as prophase in mitosis
 Metaphase II
• same as metaphase in mitosis

metaphase plate metaphase plate

 Anaphase II
• same as anaphase in mitosis
• sister chromatids separate
 Telophase II
• Same as telophase in mitosis.
mitosis
• Nuclei form.
• Cytokinesis occurs.

• Remember: four haploid daughter cells

produced.

gametes = sperm or egg

Telophase II
 Meiosis
n=2

sex cell sperm

n=2
n=2

2n=4
haploid (n)
n=2
diploid (2n) n=2

n=2

meiosis I meiosis II
 Variation
• Important to population as the raw
material for natural selection.

• Question:
What are the three sexual sources of
genetic variation?
 Answer:
1.

2.

3.

Remember: variation is good!

 Question:
• A cell containing 20 chromosomes (diploid)
at the beginning of meiosis would, at its
completion, produce cells containing how
many chromosomes?
chromosomes
Answer:
 Fertilization
• The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote.
zygote
• A zygote is a fertilized egg

sperm
n=23 n=23
egg
2n=46
zygote