POWER

FACTOR
CORRECTION
Muhammad Fahmi Hakim
Energy and Power

• Energy:
• the quantitative property that must be transferred to an
object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object
(Joule, Wh, kWh)
• Power:
• the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit
time (Watt, J/s)
Power in AC System

S
Q
P
Components in AC System
Real or Active Power (P)
• Definition
• the power consumed by the resistive part of a circuit
• Unit:
𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔(𝑾
• Equation:
 
)
2
 
2 (𝑽 ¿ ¿ 𝐿 − 𝑁 )
𝑷1 ϕ=𝑽 𝐿− 𝑁 . 𝑰 𝐿− 𝑁 . 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽=(𝐼¿ ¿ 𝐿− 𝑁 ) . 𝑹= ¿¿
𝑹
𝑷3 ϕ=3(𝑽 𝐿 −𝑁 . 𝑰 𝐿 − 𝑁 . 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽)= √3 (𝑽 𝐿 − 𝐿 . 𝑰 𝐿− 𝐿 . 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽)
 
Reactive Power (Q)
• Definition
• the power consumed by the reactive part of a circuit (inductor or
capacitor) that does not perform any useful work
• Unit:
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 −𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (𝑉𝐴𝑅 )
• Equation:
 

2
 
2 (𝑽 ¿ ¿ 𝐿 − 𝑁 )
𝑄1 ϕ=𝑽 𝐿− 𝑁 . 𝑰 𝐿− 𝑁 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜽=(𝐼 ¿¿ 𝐿 − 𝑁 ) . 𝑋 = ¿¿
𝑋
𝑄3 ϕ=3(𝑽 𝐿− 𝑁 . 𝑰 𝐿 −𝑁 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽)=√ 3(𝑽 𝐿− 𝐿 . 𝑰 𝐿− 𝐿 .𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜽)
 
Apparent Power (S)
• Definition
• the power actually supplied by electricity supply company, which is
the vector sum of P and Q
• Unit:  𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 −𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 (𝑉𝐴 )
• Equation:
  2 2
𝑆 1 ϕ=𝑽 𝐿− 𝑁 . 𝑰 𝐿− 𝑁 =√ 𝑃 + 𝑗 𝑄
𝑆 3 ϕ=3(𝑽 𝐿− 𝑁 . 𝑰 𝐿 − 𝑁 )=√ 3(𝑽 𝐿− 𝐿 . 𝑰 𝐿− 𝐿 )
 
 Power Triangle of an AC Circuit

Cos(Φ) = P/S = W/VA = power factor, p.f.

Sin(Φ) = Q/S = VAr/VA
Tan(Φ) = Q/P = VAr/W
 Power Factor in AC Circuits

• Definition:
• the ratio of real power (P) to apparent power (S) or
the phase angle between the current and voltage
waveforms
 

Pn = Pout = motor output power = 51 kW

Pin = motor input power = active power consumed

By using a calculator,
the value of tan ϕ corresponding to cos ϕ of 0,86
is 0,59
Q = P tan ϕ = 56 x 0.59 = 33 kvar
Benefits of Improving Power Factor

• Reduction in the cost of electricity

• The power supply authority in Europe delivers reactive
energy for free if tan ϕ < 0,4.
• In Indonesia, the consumers will have nothing to pay for
the reactive power consumed if their power factor is
minimum 0,85.
Benefits of Improving Power Factor

• Technical/economic optimization
• Reduction of cable size

• Reduction of losses (P, kW) in cables

• Reduction of voltage drop
• Increase in available power
Calculating Power Factor Compensation

• A motor consumes 100 kW at a power factor of 0,75.

To improve the power factor to 0,93, calculate:
• the reactive power must be supplied by the capacitor
bank
• the value of the total capacitor
Capacitor for Power Factor Compensation

Fixed
capacitor

Automatic
Capacitor
Fixed Capacitor

• Applied:
• at the terminals of inductive devices (motors and
transformers);
• at busbars supplying numerous small motors and
inductive appliance for which individual compensation
would be too costly;
• in cases where the level of load is reasonably constant
Automatic Capacitor Banks

• Applied at points in an installation where the active-

power and/or reactive-power variations are relatively
large, for example:
• at the busbars of a general power distribution board
• at the terminals of a heavily-loaded feeder cable
Compensation Methods

Global Compensation

Sectoral Compensation

Individual Compensation
Global Compensation
Sectoral Compensation
Individual Compensation
Power Factor Correction of Induction Motors

The bank of capacitors should be connected directly to the

terminals of the motor

The overcurrent relay settings must be reduced with

reduction factor

In order to avoid self-excitation as described above, the kvar

rating of the capacitor bank must be limited
Power Factor Correction of Induction Motors

• The table values are, in general, too small to adequately

compensate the motor to the level of cos ϕ normally
required. Additional compensation can, however, be
applied to the system, for example an overall bank,
installed for global compensation of a number of smaller
appliances.
• If the capacitor bank associated with a high inertia motor
is larger than that recommended in table, then it should
be separately controlled by a circuit breaker or contactor,
which trips simultaneously with the main motor-
controlling circuit-breaker or contactor
 THAT’s ALL
THAT’s ALL
THANK’S FOR THE ATTENTION
THANK’S FOR THE ATTENTION