Measurement of nuclear radius

• Four methods outlined for charge matter

radius:
– Diffraction scattering
– Atomic x-rays
– Muonic x-rays
– Mirror Nuclides
 Measurement of nuclear radius
• Three methods outlined for nuclear matter
radius:
– Rutherford scattering
– Alpha particle decay
 -mesic x-rays
 Diffraction scattering
ki

kf

q -k f

ki
r r
ki = k f ≡ k → q = 2k sin(α /2)
• q = momentum transfer
 Diffraction scattering
r r
ki = k f ≡ k → q = 2k sin(α /2)
• Measure the scattering intensity as a function of  to infer
the distribution of charge in the nucleus, ρ( r′)
r r
€ F ( ki , k f ) = ∫ ψ *f V ( r)ψ i dv
r r
F (q) = ∫e iq • r
V ( r) dv €

V ( r) equation 3.4
4π
F (q) =
q
∫ sin(qr′)ρ e ( r ′) r′dr′
 Diffraction scattering
4π
F (q) = ∫ sin(qr ′) ρ e ( r′) r′dr′
q
2
• Measure the scattering intensity F (q) as a function of 
to infer the distribution of charge in the nucleus

€ • ρe ( r′) is the inverse Fourier transform of

€
• F (q) is known as the form factor for the scattering.
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• c.f. Figure 3.4; what is learned from this?
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 Diffraction scattering
• Density of electric charge in the nucleus is ≈ constant
ρe ( r′) ≈ constant
A
ρ e ( r′) ∝
4π R 3
4π R 3 ∝ A
R = Ro A1/ 3
 Diffraction scattering
• The charge distribution does not have a sharp boundary
– Edge of nucleus is diffuse - “skin”
– Depth of the skin ≈ 2.3 f
– RMS radius is calculated from the charge distribution and,
neglecting the skin, it is easy to show
3
r2 = R2
5

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 Atomic X-rays
• Assume the nucleus is uniform charged sphere.
• Potential V is obtained in two regions:
– Inside the sphere

Ze 2 ⎧⎪3 1 ⎛ r ⎞2⎫
⎪
V ′( r) = − ⎨ − ⎜ ⎟⎬ r≤ R
⎩2 2 ⎝ R ⎠ ⎪
4πε oR ⎪ ⎭

– Outside the sphere

Ze 2
€ V ( r) = − r≥R
4πεo r

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 Atomic X-rays
• For an electron in a given state, its energy depends on -
*
V = ∫ ψ n Vψ n dv
• Assume ψ does not change appreciably if V pt Vsphere
n

V ′ = ∫ ψ n* V ′ψ n dv + ∫ ψ n* Vψ n dv
€ r<R r>R
• Then, E = Esphere - Ept

• Assume
ψ ncan be giving (3.12)
ψ1,1(1s) , n=1, l =0

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 Atomic X-rays
 E between sphere and point nucleus for ψ1,1(1s) ΔE1s
2 Z 4e 2 R2 E1s(sphere)
ΔE1s =
5 4πεo ao3 E1s( pt)
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• Compare this E to measurement and we have R. €
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Problem!
• We will need two measurements to get R --
• Consider a 2p 1s transition for (Z,A) and (Z,A’) where
A’ = (A-1) or (A+1) ; what x-ray does this give?
E Kα ( A) − E Kα ( A′) =
= [ E 2 p ( A) − E1s ( A)] − [ E 2 p ( A′) − E1s ( A′)]
 Atomic X-rays
E Kα ( A) − E Kα ( A′) =
= [ E 2 p ( A) − E1s ( A)] − [ E 2 p ( A′) − E1s ( A′)]
= [ E 2 p ( A) − E 2 p ( A′)] − [ E1s ( A) − E1s ( A′)]

• Assume that the first term will be ≈ 0. Why?

• Then, use E1s from (3.13) for each E1s term. Why?
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E Kα ( A) − E Kα ( A′) =
= [ΔE1s ( A′) − ΔE1s ( A)]
2 Z 4e2 1 2 2 / 3 2/3
= 3
Ro( A − A′ )
5 4π ε o ao
 Atomic X-rays
E Kα ( A) − E Kα ( A′)

• This x-ray energy difference is called the “isotope shift”

• We assumed that R = Ro A1/3. Is there any authentication?

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• How good does your spectrometer have to be to see the effect?

• We assumed we could use hydrogen-line 1s wavefunctions Are these

good enough to get good results?

• Can you use optical transitions instead of x-ray transitions?

 Muonic X-rays
• Compare this process with atomic (electronic) x-rays:
– Similarities
– Differences
– Advantages
Zr
– Disadvantages ⎛ Z ⎞3 / 2 − a
ψ n,l,m = 2⎜ ⎟ e o n = 1,l = 0,m = 0
⎝a o ⎠
4πε o h 2
ao =
m e2
mZ 2 e 4
En = −
32π 2ε o2 h 2 n 2
• What is ao ?
• Pauli Exclusion principle for muons, electrons?
 Coulomb Energy Differences
• Calaulate the Coulomb energy of the charge distribution directly
3 Q2 A +1 A −1
EC = Consider mirror nuclides: Z= ;N =
5 4πε o R 2 2
A −1 A +1
3 e2 2 2 Z= ;N =
ΔE C = [ Z − ( Z −1) ] 2 2
5 4πε o R
3 e2 A +1
ΔE C = (2Z −1) Z= → A = (2Z −1)
5 4πε o R € 2

3 e2
ΔE C = A2 /3
5 4πε o R o Measure EC; How?
Assume R is same for both nuclides. Why?
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 Measurement of nuclear radius
• Three methods outlined for nuclear matter
radius:
– Rutherford scattering
– Alpha particle decay
 -mesic x-rays