Data Management

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, the student will be able to:

 apply a variety of statistical tools to process and manage numerical
data;

 use the methods of linear regression and correlations to predict the

value of a variable given certain conditions; and

 recognize the importance of statistical analyses in making decisions.

LEVELS OF DATA

 The level of measurement of a variable in statistics is a

classification that was proposed in order to describe the
nature of information contained within numbers assigned
to objects and, therefore, within the variable.
 There are four levels of measurement; these are Nominal,
Ordinal, Interval and Ratio
LEVELS OF DATA: NOMINAL LEVEL

 names are assigned to objects as labels.

 Variables that are measured only nominally are also called
categorical variables.
 There are no "less than" or "greater than" relations among the
classifying names, nor operations such as addition or
subtraction.
Examples of nominal data include gender identification, racial
data, religious affiliation, and geographic location.
LEVELS OF DATA: ORDINAL LEVEL

 This scale include the characteristic of the nominal scale plus

an indicator of order.
 In this classification, the numbers assigned to objects
represent the rank order (1st, 2nd, 3rd etc.) of the entities
measured.
 The variables are called ordinal variables or rank variables.
Examples are class rank, contest winners, degree of burn and cancer
stages.
LEVELS OF DATA: INTERVAL LEVEL

 The numbers assigned to objects have all the features of ordinal

measurements.
 Equal differences between measurements represent equivalent intervals
(the distance between 1 and 2 equals the distance between 2 and 3).
 A zero point on the scale is arbitrary; negative values can be used.
 The variables are called interval variables, or sometimes scaled
variables .
Both the Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales are good examples of
interval data measurement
LEVELS OF DATA: RATIO LEVEL

 The numbers assigned to objects have all the features of

interval measurement and also have meaningful ratios
between arbitrary pairs of numbers.

 The highest level of measure in the sense that it has a true

zero point.
Examples of ratio data include height, weight, blood
pressure, pulse, and distance measurements.
EXERCISES #3

State the level of measurement of each of the following.

1. Blood type 1. Gender

2. Doctor’s salary 2. Land area
3. Latin honors 3. Contest winners
4. Temperature in Fahrenheit 4. Student height in cm
5. Student number 5. Athlete’s age in years
DATA COLLECTION METHODS

 Primary data are data documented by the primary

source. The data collectors themselves documented this
data.

 Secondary data are data documented by a secondary

source. An individual/agency other than the data
collectors, documented this data.
DATA COLLECTION METHODS

 Survey is a method of collecting data on the variable of interest by

asking people questions.
 Experiment is a method of collecting data where there is a direct
human intervention on the conditions that may affect the values of
the variables of interest.
 Observation method is a method of collecting data on the
phenomenon of interest by recording the observations made about
the phenomenon as it actually happens.
SAMPLING AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Sampling is the process of choosing

elements, such as person, objects or groups
from a known population of interest to be
included in a study in order to generate a fair
result.
SAMPLING AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

There are two types of sampling techniques:

 Probability sampling or random sampling gives all members of the population a
known and equal chance of being part in the sample.
 In other words, the selection of individuals does not affect the chance of
anyone else in the population being selected.
 Non-probability sampling does not give everyone an equal chance of being
selected to be part of the sample.
 Non-probability sampling procedures are much less desirable, as they will almost
certainly contain sampling biases.
Probability Sampling Techniques

 Simple random sampling is also called the lottery or the fishbowl method.
 It use scientific calculator or computer program to generate a random
number or a table of random numbers to select the numbers for the elements
to include in the sample.
 Systematic Skip Sampling, elements are listed numerically and then every “kth”
element from the list is selected from a randomly selected starting point.
 Cluster Sampling the population is divided into clusters, then the desired
number of clusters will be selected at random.
Probability Sampling Techniques

 Stratified Random Sampling is a method where the population is

divided into sub-groups (called strata) base on some well-known
characteristics of the population then take a random sample from
each strata.
 The selection of elements is then made separately from within each strata,
usually by random or systematic sampling methods.
Example#1

  
Use the Proportionate Stratification formula

where: is the number of sample per category i

is the population of item per category i
is the total number of population
is the total number of sample
Example#1

A study is conducted to 1,000 college students of the University of the East. Two hundred
students will be selected to be part of the study. The number of student per year level is
presented on a table. How many samples are needed per year level using proportional
allocation?

Year Level Population (N1)

First Year 300
Second Year 250
Third Year 250
Fourth Year 200
Total (N) 1000
Example#1

Year Level Population (N1) Sample (n1)

  = 200 ⋅ 300
First Year 300 𝑛1   60
1000
200 ⋅ 250
Second Year 250 𝑛  2=   0
1000
200 ⋅ 25 0
Third Year 250 𝑛  3 =   0
1000
Fourth Year 200 200 ⋅ 200
𝑛  4 =
1000   0
Total (N) 1000
200
USING SLOVIN’S FORMULA

 To compute for the sample size the Slovin’s formula will be used:

N
n
1  Ne 2
where n = sample size
N = number of cases
e = margin of error
Example#1

A study is conducted to 1,000 college students of the University of the East. How many
samples are needed per year level using proportional allocation?
N = 1000 e = 0.05
Year Level Population Percentage Sample
(N1) N
n
First Year 300 30% 286 x 0.30 = 85 1  Ne 2
Second Year 250 25% 286 x 0.25 = 72 1000
n 2
 285.71
Third Year 250 25% 286 x 0.25 = 72 1  (1000 )( 0 . 05 )
Fourth Year 200 20% 286 x 0.20 = 57
Total (N) 1000 n  286
100% 286
Exercises #4

Suppose a researcher wants to determine the average income of the families in a

barangay having 3,000 families, distributed in five areas. Compute the sample size
using the Proportionate Stratification and the Slovin’s Formula.

Area Population
1 800
2 400
3 500
4 600
5 700
N 3,000
Non-Probability Sampling Techniques

 Convenience sampling - the samples are selected because they are

accessible to the researcher

 Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling technique wherein

the researcher ensures equal or proportionate representation of
subjects depending on which trait is considered as basis of the
quota.
Non-Probability Sampling Techniques

 Judgmental sampling is more commonly known as purposive

sampling. In this type of sampling, subjects are chosen to be part of
the sample with a specific purpose in mind.