Extreme Climate

Zones
 INTRODUCTION

▫ Continental climates often have a significant annual variation in temperature

(hot summers and cold winters).
▫  It is an overlap between monsoon-influenced humid subtropical (Köppen
climate classification Cwa) and semi-arid, with high variation between summer
and winter temperatures and precipitation. 
▫ As such the rotation of earth has its effect on these zones day-length, which
shortens during winters and lengthens during summers.
▫ In India proximity to the Himalayas results in cold waves leading to lower 
apparent temperature due to wind chill.  
CHANDIGARH
 INTRODUCTION
▫ Chandigarh is a city, district and union territory in India that serves as
the capital of the two neighbouring states of Punjab and Haryana.
▫ The face of modern India, Chandigarh, is the manifestation of a dream
that Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru envisaged and Le Corbusier executed.
▫ It is situated on the Indo-Gangetic Plain a short distance southwest of
the Siwalik Range (Shiwalik Range), between two seasonal hill torrents
 CLIMATE CONDITIONS

▫ Chandigarh has a humid subtropical climate characterised by a seasonal rhythm:

very hot summers, cold winters, unreliable rainfall and great variation in
temperature (−1 to 46 °C or 30.2 to 114.8 °F).
 CLIMATE CONDITIONS

▫ The city also receives occasional winter rains from the Western Disturbance
 originating over the Mediterranean Sea.
▫ Cold winds usually tend to come from the north near Shimla, capital of 
Himachal Pradesh and from the state of Jammu and Kashmir, both of which
receive their share of snowfall during wintertime.
▫  Precipitation here is about 792 mm | 31.2 inch per year.
▫ Precipitation is the lowest in November, with an average of 6 mm | 0.2 inch.
Most precipitation falls in July, with an average of 195 mm | 7.7 inch.
 GEOGRAPHY

▫ Chandigarh is located near the foothills of the Sivalik Range of the Himalayas in

northwest India. It covers an area of approximately 114 km2.[27] It borders the
states of Punjab and Haryana. 
▫ The exact geographic coordinates of Chandigarh are 30.74°N 76.79°E.[35] It has
an average elevation of 321 metres (1053 ft).
▫ The city, lying in the northern plains, includes a vast area of flat, fertile land.
▫ Its northeast covers sections of Bhabar and while the remainder of its terrain is
part of the Terai.
GEOGRAPHY
 DEMOGRAPHICS

▫ As of 2011 India census, Chandigarh had a population of 1,169,244,[51][2][3]

 making for a density of about 9,252 (7,900 in 2001) persons per square
kilometre.
▫ Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. The sex ratio is 818
females for every 1,000 males.
▫  The child sex ratio is 880 females per thousand males. Chandigarh has an
effective literacy rate of 86.77% (based on population 7 years and above), higher
than the national average
 DEMOGRAPHICS

▫ English is the sole official

language of Chandigarh.[6] The
majority of the population speaks 
Hindi (73.60%) while Punjabi is
spoken by 22.03%.[56] Government
schools use English, Hindi, and
Punjabi textbooks.
 VERNACULAR BUILDINGS

▫ Chandigarh was home to many cities of Harappan Civilization.

▫ Even before Independence, Chandigarh was collection of small villages like
Rurki, Burail, Krishan Village etc. After the partition of India, Punjab required a
capital hence forth Idea of Chandigarh was proposed.
 MORDERN BUILDINGS

▫ Chandigarh was a new city constructed on the orders of India's first Prime
Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. 
▫ Albert Mayer developed a superblock-based city interspersed with green spaces
which with an emphasis on cellular neighbourhoods and traffic segregation. 
▫ Le Corbusier designed many administration buildings, including the High Court,
the Palace of Assembly, and the Secretariat Building.
▫ Le Corbusier also designed the general layout of the city, dividing it into sectors.
 CASE STUDY

▫ Chandigarh Capitol Complex, located in the sector-1 of Chandigarh city in India,

is a government compound designed by the architect Le Corbusier and is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site.
▫ It is spread over an area of around 100 acres and is a prime manifestation of
Chandigarh's architecture.
▫ It comprises three buildings, three monuments and a lake, including the Palace
of Assembly or Legislative Assembly, Secretariat, High Court, Open Hand
Monument, Geometric Hill and Tower of Shadows.
 MORDERN BUILDINGS

Jawan Haryana High court (established in 1955)

▫ The building has three entrances each of
different colour blue ,yellow and red.
▫ Sun breakers to eliminate direct sunlight.
▫ The roof had this wave concept to
eliminate heat.
 Governer’s Palace
▫ The palace is divided into two parts after the constitution left side of the building is for
punjab and right side of the building is for haryana.
▫ Sun breakers to eliminate direct sunlight.
MORDERN BUILDINGS
MORDERN BUILDINGS