Chapter 13: Stress in the Workplace and

Stress Management
Andi Raisyiah Akrimah Imran (K022211013)
Widyatma Adinda Jubhari (K022211029)
 Learning Outcomes
The definition of stress.

The process model of stress and coping.

How stress can negatively affect individuals and organizations.

The various forms of stress.

The three stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome.

How personalities, race, and gender affect an individual’s level of stress.

The definition and phases of burnout.

The four categories of stress in the workplace.

The various coping strategies available toorganizations and individuals.

The definition of stress management and the various programs used by organizations
Overview
 Stress
Cognitive-transactional theory

01 Definition a particular relationship between the person and the

environment that is appraised by the person as
taxing or exceeding his or her resources and
endangering his or her well-being

Affecting factors
Affecting
02 Factors
level of self-efficacy
adaptability
resources available to them
The Process Model of
Stress and Coping
The Process Model of Stress and Coping
03 Perceptual Outcomes
Challenge
Threat
Demand Appraisal Harm/loss
01
Physical Demand
Task Demand Perceptual Outcomes
Role Demand
Interpersonal Demand

Demand Appraisal
Resource Appraisal
Coping Strategies
02 Resource Appraisal
Material 04 Coping Strategies
Personal Reactive
Social Anticipatory
Preventive
Proactive
Work Related
Stress
 Work Related Stress

a common phenomenon in today’s

01 Definition workplace

occupation-related
02 Cause pressures → leading
source
 Workplace Violence
Workplace Violence
Leads to physical violence in 1 out of 10
work environments

Study about “desk rage” Workplace Violence

Yelling and verbal abuse→ common Interaction among healthcare team
(Integra Realty Resources, 2001) (umum terjadi)
Interaction with patients & family
members(>>)
Desk Rage Rate
Behaviors or acts of aggression, 71% workplace intentional injuries →
hostility, health care and social services
rudeness, and physical violence. workplaces

Sentinel Event Alert

The Joint Commission → Sentinel Event Alert +
developed standard→ code of conduct as
well as a process for managing disruptive and
inappropriate behaviors
 Stressor
01 Positive / Negative

02 Internal / External

03 Acute / Chronic Internal → lifestyle,

mental state,
Positive → personality
euphoria + stress Acute → reaction to threat (fight-or-flight Eksternal →
Negative → response) environment, other
overwhelmed + Kronik → continuous, work, relationship, people, work, major life
poorly managed financial events, hassles
 Distress
Unhealthy, negative, destructive outcomes of stressful
events(Quick et al, 1997)

Behavioral, physiological, and/or psychological effects

Stimulus (-) → fight-or-flight response

General Adaptation System (GAS):

Alarm phase
Resistance phase
Exhaustion phase
Individuals and Stress

Personalities
01
02 Underrepresented Populations

Gender
03
 Personalities
Rosenman et al, 1966
Rotter, 1966 Savery and Hall, 1986
Relationship between Another dimension
stress and personality → managers are beleaguered
of personality → by demands (superiors,
linking CHD & personality stress → perception
profiles government, community
of control

01 02 03 04 05 06

Personality Types Kushnir and Kasan, 1991 Savery and Hall, 1986
Type A (agressive, High demand jobs + high Managers’
competitive) and workload + ↓perceived perceived lack of autonomy→
Type B (patient, control = stressor for type decision making + stress
low-key) A, ≠ tipe B related illness
Underrepresented Populations
Underrepresented ethnic groups
prone to stress because
prejudice, discrimination,
language difficulties,
differences cultural
values and attitudes
James, Lovato, Khoo,
1994
differences in cultural
values and attitudes →
major source

Quick et al, 1997 Richard and Grimes, 1996

blatant prejudice → Work harder to socialize, or
stress for those in assimilate,
minority ethnic groups
 Gender
Female, health care employers need to be
sensitive to the work-related stress issues
experienced by women. Stress → Women >> Men

Swanson, 2000

Women face gender Barriers to financial and On-the-job sexual

specific work stress → career advancement harassment →
sex discrimination, need based on sex psychological
to balance work & discrimination symptoms, and physical
family, + general job → psychological and symptoms
stressors → work physical symptoms,
overload, lack of control,
underutilization skills.
 Belief About Stress

01 An individual’s beliefs 02 Both stress and one’s

about stress → shaping beliefs about stress →
whether or not stress will how stress affects one’s
have harmful effects on health.
that person’s health.
 Burnout
Stress Maslach & Goldberg, Maslach & Jackson,
Occurs when job 1998 1981
requirements do Dimensions associated with
Burnout → an occupational
not match the burnout: emotional
hazard in people oriented
employee’s exhaustion,
professions (health care,
capabilities, depersonalization,
human services, and
resources, or diminished personal
education)
needs. accomplishment

Burnout Jha et al, 2019

An extreme case of job
related stress.
Burnout → public
Overwhelming
health crisis
exhaustion; frustration,
anger, cynicism, sense
of ineffectiveness and
failure.
 Golembiewski’s
Phases of Burnout
 Phases of Burnout
Broad ranges of perceptions or attitudes about the worksite deteriorate

Performance appraisals ↓

Physical symptoms ↑

Turnover ↑

Self-esteem ↓

Various clinical indicators of mental health show deterioration.

The quality of social and emotional life at work declines.

 Presenteeism

01 A low rate of absenteeism ≠ employees are not suffering

from burnout.

02 Presenteeism → Employees show up for work but are

less productive because of illness.

Presenteeism has the largest health-related economic

03 impact on the company, ahead of absenteeism, health
insurance, and workers’ compensation (Berry, Mirabito,
& Berwick, 2004).
THANK YOU