Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER FOUR
2019
Outline
2
Standards - Are specific design rules and measurable with limited application
e.g. ISO 9241
Guidelines - Collections of tests that can be applied to an interface to determine
if it is satisfactory
Advice on how to achieve principle
Flexibility
The multiplicity of ways the user and system exchange
information
Robustness
The level of support provided to the user in determining successful
achievement and assessment of goals - goal-directed behaviour
Principles of learnability
A. Predictability
Determining effect of future actions based on past interaction
history
-operation visibility
i.e. The user’s ability to determine the effect of future
interactions
Assumes that the user has some mental model of how the system
behaves
Examples
0, 3, 6, …. next number?
Principles of learnability
B. Familiarity
How prior knowledge applies to new system
e.g. Guessability, affordance
C. Generalizability
Extending specific interaction knowledge to other similar situations
e.g. draw a circle as a constrained form of ellipse square can be drawn as
a constrained rectangle
UI standards and guidelines assist/enforce generalizability
-applications should offer the Cut/Copy/Paste operations whenever possible
D. Consistency
e.g. consistency in command naming and other functionalities
Principles of learnability(ctd)
E. Synthesizability
assessing the effect of past actions
immediate vs. eventual honest
F. Consistency
e.g. consistency in command naming and other functionalities
Principles of flexibility …
A. Dialogue initiative
Freedom from system enforced constraints on input dialogue
In general, we want to maximize the user’s ability to pre-empt the
system and minimize the system’s ability to pre-empt the user.
B. Multithreading
Ability of system to support user interaction for more than one task
at a time
Concurrent tasks
Principles of flexibility…
C. Substitutivity
Allowing equivalent values of input and output to be substituted
for each other
E.g. Enter an input for length in
D. Customizability
Modifiability of the user interface by user or system
Principles of robustness
A. Observability
Ability of user to evaluate the internal state of the system from its
perceivable representation
B. Recoverability
Ability of user to take corrective action once an error has been
recognized
Reachability, forward/backward recovery, commensurate effort
Principles of robustness …
C. Responsiveness
Measures the rate of communication between the system and the
user.
Response time is generally defined as the duration of time
D. Task conformance
Degree to which system services support all of the tasks the user
wishes to perform
task completeness - the coverage issue
Standards
Set by national or international (ISO) bodies to ensure compliance with a
set of design rules by a large community standards
Hardware standards more common than software high authority and low
level of detail