Obesity …

 2nd leading cause of preventable death

 Contributes to hypertension, type 2

diabetes, stroke, sleep apnea, and cancers

 Factor of social bias and discrimination

 Definitions
 Obesity: excess adipose tissue

 Overweight: excess weight for height

 Etiology of Childhood Obesity

Genetics
•Low Metabolism
•Poor Appetite Control Environment
•Low Fat Free Mass •Sedentary Lifestyle
•Low Levels of •Access to Food
Lipid Oxidation
Rate
CAUSES FOR OBESITY
 CAUSES FOR OBESITY
 GENETICS
 METABOLICS
 PSYCHOLOGICAL
 SOCIOCULTURAL
 SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE
 NEUROENDOCRINES
 MEDICAMENTAL
 HIGH CALORIC NUTRITION
 MULTIPLE FACTORS
 GENETICS
The genes involved in OBESITY may be considered as
predisposed and one or several of them may be acting in
conjunction, and these are:
Gene Localization Intervention
Codifies to produce
OB 7q 32
leptin protein
It is the receiver gene
OB-R p 31
of the leptin protein
Involved in the
Fat 11p 15.1
formation of pro-insulin
It is present in obesity
TUB 11p 15.4
and diabetes
TULP It is present in obesity
6p 21.3
1 and diabetes
TULP It is present in obesity
19q 13.1
2 and diabetes
It is pre sent in obesity
AY 20q 11.2
and diabetes
 METABOLIC PSYCHOLOGICAL
 Some people  Recent discoveries
handle the use of have transformed the
calories better in theory that
order to keep up psychological causes
the body can increase obesity
temperature and and now consider the
to carry out the psychological changes
metabolic in obesity as the
processes. consequence, not as
the cause.
 SOCIOCULTURAL
 Indubitably all our surroundings greatly
influence obesity. All social environment gathers
around food and drink.
  Food itself has become a "prize" to the
behavior.
  Food has become the "ideal closure" to a
successful business transaction.
  All religions have a background of the type of
food that should be consumed (fasting, kosher,
liquids with a full moon, etc).
  And so could we continue with several
examples.
SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE
 Sedentary lifestyle is one of the
principal causes for obesity.
  And it has been proven that physical
activity is one of the greatest factors of
the use of body energy.
  The increase in physical activity allows
the intake of more calories and achieves
a more favorable caloric balance of the
body to avoid obesity.
 NEUROENDOCRINES
 Obesity originating in the
hypothalamus.
 Cushing Illness (high levels of
cortisol).
 Hypothyroidism (low levels of
thyroids).
 Policystic ovary syndrome.
 Growth hormone deficiency
 MEDICAMENTAL

 Tricyclic anti depressives have

shown an increase in fat and an
important weight gain, thus
presenting an obesity condition.
  Long corticoid treatments have
shown an increase in fat and in
weight also presenting obesity.
 HIGH CALORIC
NUTRITION
 Intake of more calories than our
bodies require definitely cause the
caloric balance to accumulate and
for every 7,500 calories that our
body accumulates the weight gain
is 1 KG which leads to obesity.
OBESITY EFFECTS
CARDIOVASCULAR
CEREBRAL
DERMATOLOGICAL
GASTROINTESTINAL
GENITO URINARY
METABOLIC
OSTEOARTICULAR
PSYCHOLOGICAL
PULMONARY
SURGICAL
REPRODUCTIVE
BLOOD
SOCIAL
 ACCIDENTS    
PULMONAR
GYNECOLOGICAL: *Infertility *Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease
*Gynecological Malignancies    *Sleep Apnea

CARDIOVASCULAR GASTROINTESTINAL
*Hypertension *Gastro esophageal Reflux
*Heart Disease  *Fatty Liver
*Venous Insufficiency  *HiatalHernia                                                  
                                                 
                 *Gallbladder Disease
                                                 
                          
MUSCULOSKELETAL
METABOLIC *Arthriti
PSYCHOSOCIAL *Decreased
*Diabetes           *Heel Spur
Self-Esteem  
 *High Triglycerides             *Depression
*Isolation                                
                                     *Low Back
      
 CARDIOVASCULAR
 Arterial Hypertension
 Cardiac Insufficiency
 Arteriosclerosis
 Coronary Disease
 Venous Insufficiency
 CEREBRAL EFFECTS
Cerebral vascular accident
Due to the excess of fat in the body
caused by obesity, fat is deposited into
the cerebral arteries and the flow of
blood becomes narrower each time.
Therefore these blood vessels becomes
so narrow that the diameter could easily
clog said blood vessel causing a
vascular cerebral accident.
 DERMATOLOGICAL
 Stretch marks
 Skin pigmentation
 Hirsutism
 Profuse perspiration
 Furunculosis
 Fungus infections
 GASTROINTESTINAL
 Esophagus reflux
 Gastritis
 Vesicular Lithiasis
 Fat liver
 Colitis
 Cancer of colon
 Hemorrhoids
 GENITAL URINARY
EFFECTS
 Urinary incontinence
 Kidney stones
 Menstruation alterations
 Prostate cancer
 Benevolent and malignant lesions
in the uterus
 Benevolent and malignant lesions
in the breast
 METABOLICS
 Diabetes
 Resistance to insulin
 Hypercholesterolaemia
 Hypertriglyceridemia
 Mixed Hyperlipidemia
 Gout
 OSTEOARTICULARS
 Impede for mobilization
 Muscular hypotrophy
 Arthritis of low members
 Arthritis of vertebral column
 Hernia of inter-vertebral disc
 PSYCHOLOGICAL
 Lost of auto esteem
 Depression
PULMONARY SEQUELS
 Fatigues
 Lack of air
 Difficulty when breathing when
sleeping
 Pulmonary Thrombosis
 REPRODUCTIVE
SEQUELS
 Alteration in the ovulation
 Infertility
 Inefficient sexual relations
 High risk during the pregnancy
 BLOOD

 Polyglobulia
 SOCIAL EFFECTS
 Social discrimination
 Work discrimination
 School discrimination
 Isolation
 OTHERS
 Hernias
 Eventrations (Ventral hernias)
 Higher risk of accidents
Measuring Childhood Obesity
 Difficult due to great physical changes
occurring during childhood and adolescence
 Potential classifications:
 Weight-for-height percentiles
 Percent of ideal body weight
 Skinfold measures
 Body Mass Index [BMI]
 Cautions of the BMI for youth
 Lack of risk criteria on which to base youth
measures
 Single cutoff for youth is inappropriate
 Childhood Obesity Trends
 Prevalence of overweight youth

Ages 6-11 Ages 12-17

1976-1980 8% 6%

1988-1994 14% 12%

Childhood Obesity Trends (cont.)
 Males (15%) slightly more likely to be
overweight compared to females (14%)
Ages 6-11

Hispanic African- White

American
Females 14% 16% 9%

Males 17% 12% 10%

 Persistence of Childhood
Obesity
 15% of overweight infants…

 25% of overweight preschool children…

 80% of obese 10-14 year-old youth with at

least 1 obese parent…

…become overweight adults

 Intervention Approaches
 Promote dietary changes
 Promote increase in activity
 Start early – focus on school-aged children
 The two keys to success to loss
weight
• Eat less fattening food (especially fats and
alcohol).
• Burn off the calories with exercise.
• If we eat more fuel (joules) than we burn,
we get fat.
 Fattening foods

• It is essential to cut down on high-calorie foods.

These include:
• Fats (e.g. oils, butter, margarine, peanut butter,
some nuts) alcohol
• Refined carbohydrates (e.g. sugar, cakes, sweets,
biscuits, soft drinks, white bread)
• A good rule is to avoid 'white food'-those
containing lots of refined sugar or flour. Instead
go for complex carbohydrates-grains and
vegetables.
 Physical activity
• A brisk walk for 20 minutes each day is the
most practical exercise.
• Other activities, such as tennis, swimming,
golf and cycling, are a bonus
 Weight-losing tips
 Have sensible goals: do not 'crash diet', but have a 3 month
plan to achieve your ideal weight.
 Go for natural foods; avoid junk foods.
 Avoid alcohol, sugary soft drinks and high-calorie fruit
juices.
 Strict dieting without exercise fails.
 If you are mildly overweight, eat one-third less than you
usually do (only).
 Do not eat biscuits, cakes, buns, etc. between meals
(preferably at no time).
 Use high-fibre foods to munch on.
 A small treat once a week may add variety.
 Avoid seconds and do not eat leftovers.
 Eat slowly-spin out your meal.
 Avoid medicines that claim to remove weight